The divisive political debate among regional cooperation

There is no denying the fact that the functionalist knows that nation-state system is unpredictable and is the source of sadism divisions, which undermine the real needs and interests of humankind. They tried to give importance on specific tasks of economic and welfare co-operation. This would avoid divisive political debate, but at the same time create a community of interest which would ultimately render national frontiers meaningless . ccording to the functionalist view technical collaboration in one sector generates a felt need for functional collaboration in other sectors. The neo-functionalist based approach considers integration as both a process and an outcome, but they prefer to emphasise on co-operative decision-making processes and elite attitudes in order to assess the progress towards integration. They have focused primarily on formal institutions in an attempt to determine the extent to which important functions are carried out by national as opposed to international agencies. The transaction based approach seeks to measure the process of integration by watching the flow of international transactions, such as trade, tourists, letters, and immigrants. Karl W. Deutsch and some other writers have termed this perspective the communications approach. Deutsch hypothesised that, the more one nation-state interacts with another, the more relevant they become to each other; however, such an increase in mutual relevance may not lead to integration unless it is accompanied by mutual responsiveness, which was defined as the ability to respond satisfactorily to the demands contained in the transactions between the actors involved. In the transactionalist view, a community cannot exists unless its members are interdependent, and such interdependence can only be established by a network of mutual transactions. Although it seems that the South Asian states wanted to emphasis on functionalist and transectionalist approach in their regional integration, but they did not transfer their core issues to their regional body. Even communication among states did not increase considerably. Mutual response is also very low in the area. For heterogeneity in various fields among the South Asian states mutual transaction has not developed. Analysis of the heterogeneity among the South Asian states is the main issue of the present paper.

Parliamentary Self-Government

There is no denying the fact that Parliament is positioned in the supremacy of any government and very ethically, it is the strongest parliamentary feelings in the political organization and as such the political scientists have made their energetic efforts to find out their sources of political powers. Some well-known personalities like John Austin, Wilson, Hans Keelson and HLA Hart have always ransacked to unearth out the ways and means with which the source of power can be identified. In defining the conceptual factors of law, they realized only in the identification of sovereignty as the valid source of law.

In finding out the conceptual background, UK being historically a monarchial state always looked upon the King and the Queen as the source of ultimate power to maneuver the state. With the reduction of King’s prerogative powers there came a correlative rise in the sovereignty of Parliament. As an ultimate target to interpret the source of power, the King and the queen has been preferred as the main code of law which affixes some reduction of power rather than uniformity as envisaged in democratic government.

The classical definition of sovereignty offered from a constitutional law rather then jurisprudential standpoint is that of A.V. Dicey drew a stern disjointing between legal and political sovereignty, where people hold political sovereignty, whilst legal sovereignty rests with the “Queen in Parliament”. And this doctrine is the main concept of the UK. While judges interpret law they always keep it in their mind that what was the intention of the parliament about those matter. According to Dicey Parliament is legally sovereign due to three basic rules:

1. Parliament is the supreme law making body and may enact laws on any subject matter.
2. No parliaments are bound by its predecessor nor bind its successors.
3. No person or body, including a court of law may question the validity of Parliament’s enactment.

According to Dicey, Parliament is the supreme law making authority and may legislate on any topics. In UK as there is no written constitution, parliamentary system is focal point. For example-Septennial Act, 1715, the life of parliament remains for a definitive period of time. Parliament possibly will grant independence to dependant states as exemplelified by Zimbabwe Independence Act, 1979 and Nigeria Independence Act, 1960. Although the general force of law remains in demonstration and utilized for the cause of the preservation of human rights.

The concept of Cold War in the eye of World political leader

es on the one hand, and the Communist and progressive world on the other. In 1947, President Harry Truman also beamed of two utterly disparate systems: one free and the other bent on suppressed other nations. After Stalin’s death, Nikita Khrushchev stated in 1956 that imperialism and capitalism could coexist without war because the Communist system had become stronger. The Geneva Summit of 1955 among Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States, and the Camp David Summit of 1959 between Eisenhower and Khrushchev raised hopes of a more cooperative spirit between East and West. In 1963 the United States and the Soviet Union signed some confidence-building agreements, and in 1967 President Lyndon Johnson met with Soviet Prime Mini

There is no denying the fact, after World War II, Joseph Stalin barbed out the world as divided into two camps: imperialist and capitalist regimster Aleksey Kosygin in Glassboro, New Jersey. Having interspersed with such moves toward cooperation, however, were antagonistic acts that endangered broader divergence, such as the Cuban missile crisis of October 1962 and the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia of 1968? The long rule of Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982) is reflected as the “period of stagnation.” But the Soviet stance toward the United States became less blatantly hostile in the early 1970s. Negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union resulted in summit meetings and the signing of strategic arms restraint agreements. Brezhnev asserted in 1973 that peaceful coexistence was the normal, permanent, and irrevocable state of relations between imperialist and Communist countries, although he warned that conflict might continue in the Third World. In the late 1970s, growing internal authoritarianism and the Soviet incursion of Afghanistan led to a renewal of Cold War hostility.
In view of the above, it is evident that Soviet views of the United States changed once again after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in early 1985. Arms control negotiations were renewed and President Reagan undertook a new series of summit meetings with Gorbachev that led to arms reductions and facilitated a growing compassion even among Communist leaders for more teamwork and the rejection of a class-based, conflict-oriented view of the world. With President Yeltsin’s acknowledgment of sovereignty for the other republics of the former USSR and his initiation of a full-scale financial reform program planned to fashion a market economy, Russia was pledged at last to overcoming both the majestic and the ideological legacies of the Soviet Union.

Worldwide Cold War Conflicts

According to John Rid, Cold war is not a civil war which takes place in a country due to variation of opinions among different classes of people. Such war sometimes pushes a nation towards a war where many other nations come in contact with the supports and cooperation to streamline their actions and reactions. Americans have faced many cold wars in different critical point of confliction with other nations. Sometimes some nations step forward to display their power of modern weapons with different technology and techniques to resolve the dilemma in relevant fields. In cold wars, some other advantageously oriented critics and movements are of externality to the nation and as such, before a absolute war, chalking out plans in wide ranging field is vitally significant where seeking advice from the generals, brainstorming resolutions among other relevant states and their country cannot be ignored. In Cold war the strategically brainstorming reaction exists among top political leaders inside and outside the country to conclude the decision where a complete war is essential or not is magnificent resolution of cold war. Cold war surrounds many other factors relevant to consider weapons, techniques and methods of application of appliances. The signatories to strengthen the stamina of the state are vitally significant and henceforth Cold war occurs; not only that, how far the war is justifiable is also considered in cold war. A country can achieve her target in respect of warfare cost bedded on the verdict of the people. Such brainstorming work may be considered as a doorway of a war but not exactly in the middle of battle field. The logical aspect exists among the people who come from the mental reaction among the top political leader and the countrymen of a state. From time immemorial, the super power states like French, USA, Russia, Germany, China and Japan have suffered from cold war plagues. By unremitting negotiations and brain storming, the country takes decision about a complete war. In major cases, cold war on no account influences a nation for war. A cold war is not a civil war in a state – not a door way to a complete war in the battle field but stops the evil forces for creating chaos, confusion and agitation; this is a cold war which stops the barricades of misunderstanding and administrative lock-up as a tentative flow.

The Cold War, a war of no ‘battlefields’

The Cold war is a war of no battlefields. The heads of the states never follow the policy of war. A Cold war is not a physical war rather it is a challenge to find out the possible solutions in consultation with other leaders within the country or outside the country before war. ‘Cold War’ means such type of soundless war where an anecdotal fact influences one country towards war by way of long-drawn-out discussion against possible evil forces. In diminishing war, the heads of the states become anxious to resolve the crisis in order to depict capacity and strength among other nations of the state. In ruling over a country, one becomes sufferer in respect of economic crisis, administrative blockades and lack of financial problems, the head of the states absorb in deep thought to bring out a solution to resolve the problem. In that hypercritical state of affairs of a nation, a cold war predominates in course of time. In referring to missile crisis, John F Kennedy has faced a stern problem and not being contentious, he was being able to succeed to retaliate such crisis and he saved his countrymen from the serious casualties of war with modern weapons and missiles. In this context, he made an amazing speech which has been replicated as hopes and aspirations of the people of America in their real life situation. He said that, for many years both the Soviet Union and the United States, distinguishing so called reality, have well thought-out strategic nuclear weapons with great care, never perplexing the unsteady statuesque which insured that these weapons would not be worn in the deficiency of some imperative confront. Their own strategic missiles have never been moved to the territory of any other nation under a cover of concealment and trickery; and in American history—unlike that of the Soviets since the concluding stages of World War II—demonstrates that the people of America have no keenness to administer or accomplishment over any other nation or force their system upon its people. Nevertheless, American citizens have become accustomed to living daily on the Bull’s-eye of Soviet missiles positioned inside the U.S.S.R. or in submarines. In view of the above, it is evident that missiles in Cuba add to a previously clear and present hazard—although it should be noted the nations of Latin America have never previously been subjected to a possible nuclear threat. But this sneaky, quick, and remarkable buildup of Communist missiles—in an area well known to have a unusual and historical relationship to the United States and the nations of the Western Hemisphere, in infringement of Soviet assurances, and in defiance of American and hemispheric policy—this sudden, stealthy decision to station premeditated weapons for the first time outside of Soviet soil—is a deliberately stimulating and awkward change in the statuesque which cannot be accepted by this country, if bravery and commitment of American people are ever to be trusted again by either friend or foe.

‘The Outsider’ by Albert Camus, a critic of absurdism

The realistic theme of absurdism widespread in social life situation has been agreeably symbolized in the novel “The Outsider”. The hypothesis of absurdism has been imitated throughout the novel with the characterization of Meursault. In this context, Albert Camus considers the philosophy of the novel as lonely and sensual by highlighting Meursault’s characteristics in light of absurdism and existentialism.  As an innermost theme of the story, Meursault has been focused as a murderer of an innocent Arab without having any reasonable ground. On an effective trial, the court sentenced him death penalty. The focal point of the story is to commit crime and its punishment which is justifiable in the eye of law. As an outsider, the author has pointed out some social defects with which social absurdism have been revitalized. The Outsider is a novel written by Albert Camus, an Algerian-born author and truth-seeker. The account is centered on Meursault, who at the outset was victimized to societal shame owing to his incapacity to patent symbols of grief-stricken attitudes for his mother’s death.  All the way through “The Outsider” by Albert Camus has been able to manage successfully to put forth dissimilar elements of absurdism through the categorization of Meursault hesitantly. One of the high-quality case in point of his absurdist characteristic is that when he does not show a great deal of interest about his mother’s death when he says, “”Mother died today. Or maybe yesterday, I don’t know” he also doesn’t cry at his mother’s funeral, in our society, a man who doesn’t cry at his mother’s funeral is liable to be condemned. The author, in this novel, has led his utmost efforts in order to signify the attitude and feelings of those who are enterprising, selfish and exciting. He minutely criticized some defects of social life that are absorbed in prejudice and unmatched criticism of life. Sometimes, the author has found out some truth of very crucial aspects of life. In this actions and reactions of the book, Meursault has critically identified as a man of peculiar beliefs where he has explored his own world of absurdism. Afterwards, the author has tried to detect the truth in a certain place where absurdism never takes place.

The conjecture of absurdism has been replicated right the way through the novel with the categorization of Meursault in the Novel,” The Outsider”. In this perspective, Albert Camus considers the philosophy of the novel as lonely and sensual by highlighting Meursault’s characteristics in light of absurdism and existentialism. As per authors view, Meursault refuses to hide his feelings and society forthwith feels panicky because of worldly involvement with actions and reactions of normal flow of life. The people who live in luxury have no faith upon truth happening in present or future moderations. In considering an outsider, he has tried to detect the truth of compilation as because he has minutely lived and thought about some outskirt styles of absurdism in effect in his sky of absurdism as well as existentialism. He has led his efforts in a separate philosophical banner where he finds a picture of societal actions. Hence author has remarked, “As I always do when I want to get rid of some one I am not really listening to, I gave the impression that I was agreeing with him. To my surprise he was exultant”.

In order to perpetuate the memory of his mother, he has never hesitated to reflect the model and characteristics of his mother. Absurdism has been reflected in the novel ‘Outsider’ with different inner sequences as a symbol of loneliness in course to instinct, existentialism, and excitement, inertness of spontaneity and overall growth of desolate expunction of life. The author here expresses some outpouring of common absurdism which does not cope with his own demonstrative voice towards his mother in course of performing her funeral. He wishes to have her blessings and graceful responses so that he becomes stronger to live alone far away from societal actions and reactions in this eternal world. In culture, friendship and love he finds breach of trust, lies, magnetism of wealth, too much greed and jealousy which spoils his luxurious goal. Far from lacking all sensibility, he is controlled by a tenacious and as such profound passion, the passion for an absolute and truth to retaliate his real life situation. As per style of author’s philosophical attitude and feelings, the truth which is publicized as a negative effect, the author may be considered as a veteran truth-born lively fellow, but without which no triumph over the self or over the world will ever be outweighed. Suffice it to say, it is evident that if a man is habituated in such deeds full of absurdism where the definition of life has perpetual meaning. It is evident that he is a very hardened soul man because the magistrate doesn’t find any reason why Meursault is agreeing to admit that he is wrong and he wouldn’t lie about his fault, the writer has set out some ethical prospects with which he yearns to be adorned with various qualities of human ornaments. In this context, the author says,” The sun was getting low outside and it was not hot any more- differentiates the guilty and not guilty”

The presentation of the theme absurdism as well as its social reactions has been highlighted in the novel on a large scale. One wouldn’t be far erroneous in judging the outsider who without any heroic pretensions agrees to die for the truth. According to the author, a man who is fighting for a just cause is always a great man. The author has reflected a character like silhouette which enmesh everyone to be dispersed from worldly affairs. Despite all deeds revitalized in the novel, the author has virtually pointed out some defects of social and cultural life tentatively. This is the philosophy of the novel, “Outsider”. In this virtual event, the author says,” For the first time I realized that I was guilty”. In fine, the philosophy of social absurdism has been vivaciously reflected throughout the contrasts of Meursault’s characterization.

In view of the above it is evident that in the court of trial, he is asked to say that he regrets his crime, in time-honoured fashion. Meursault, despite of all hazards, he feels comfort in the sense that in order to establish truth, he has done the right thing painstakingly. In this context, the author highlights the idea of social absurdism,” I did not waste it on God. He tried to change the subject by asking me why I was not calling him father. That irritated me and I told him that he was not my father: he was on the same side as the others.” The author here highlights the social existentialism by creating social humour and mental philology of social absurdism.

Information system, a criteria for rapid growth of Management Structure

In the world of globalization, Information system is such where data are collected, classified and put into process interpreting the result thereon in order to provide an integrated series of information for further communicating and analyzing. In a progressively more spirited worldwide atmosphere, Information System plays the role as ‘enabler and facilitator’, which endows with tactical values to the officialdom and considerable step up to the excellence of administration. ‘An Information System is a particular type of work system that uses information technology to detain, put on the air, store, retrieve, manipulate or display information, thereby partisan one or more other work structure’. In totting up to taking side’s assessment making, co-ordination and control, information systems may also help managers and workers investigate problems, envisage complex subjects and generate new merchandise or services.

Work systems and the information systems that support typically undergo at least four phases: a) initiation, the process of defining the need to change an existing work system b) development, the process of acquiring and configuring/installing the necessary hardware, software and other resources c) implementation, the process of making new system operational in the organisation, and d) Operation and maintenance, the process concerned with the operation of the system, correcting any problems that may arise and ensuring that the system is delivering the anticipating benefits. The management of these processes can be achieved and controlled using a series of techniques and management tools which, collectively, tend to be known as Structured Methodologies. Two important methodologies: v PRINCE (Projects IN a Controlled Environment), and v SSADM (Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology), developed by the Central Computing and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA), are used widely in the UK public sector and in some Developing Countries, like Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal etc. Prior to comment on the application of these methods in the Developing Countries, it would be pertinent to describe brief outlines of these methodologies.

This system is vitally important in order to build leadership development and unnecessary things not important for Management. It allows only the viable and feasible variables to revitalize the production strain as a tentative flow. Prince system is applicable only when there exists a RDBMS (a system works on Data Base Management System) is operative to strengthen the growth of management step by step. The management develops a system where misuse of funds and manpower excess can easily be checked so that further planning for future arrangement of better economy is possible to be established.

The world wide business conflicts

There is no denying the fact that the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was acknowledged in 1964 as an unwavering member of the General Assembly to buttress global trade, in particular the export trade of just beginning countries to pick up the pace of the economic development programme of those countries. Those countries actually craving to deal with development issues in a specially created body. It is their conviction that their development problems could not be attempted successfully through active worldwide economic institute due to fact that those countries influencing interrelated business activities were dominated by urbanized countries. Its objectives were to help to attain agreement on the stabilisation of commodity prices, investment, trade preferences and compensatory financing programmes. UNCTAD has long been served as a mouthpiece of the world’s poor and has been a central forum for the North- South dialogue. Although in its long existence it has taken up many issues for encouraging the interest of developing countries, but for some reasons it has changed its role considerably. UNCTAD is doing its business facing the reality of present international economic structure.

It is inevitable for the developing countries to fortify and make it resourceful. UNCTAD conferences from 1964 to 1996 make public that the Third World has transformed their situation significantly. In their first conference in 1964 the developing countries banded together to form the Group of 77 as a coalition of the world’s poor to press for concession from the rich. In UNCTAD 6, 1983 the recognition of the importance of the role of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as multilateral development institution was made. In UNCTAD 8 in 1992 there was a broad consensus on importance of market oriented economic policies and political pluralism as basis for development. Most important decision was the reform and revitalisation of UNCTAD to ensure its continuing relevance on trade and development issues. The issues addressed in the UNCTAD forum have changed over time in response to changing international circumstances. Some of the causes will be described below.

One state one vote ethics of General Assembly gives the Third World nations advantages in the UN forums. Those who are the highest contributors to the UN command only fifteen votes. For that reason the North prefers small forums, usually outside the General Assembly. Indeed, in view of the charter of UN follows the one state one vote principle not weighted voting system like the IMF and the World Bank, so the North states reluctant to the activities of the UN General Assembly which has some influence on UNCTAD.

The major powers of the North made it clear that they were only prepared to deal with key economic problems of the South through the Bretton Woods’s institutions and WTO, which were fully under their control. In our country we have optimistic view in the sense that progressively more, thus, the developing countries, especially those with heavy balance burdens, were both nudged and drawn into embrace of these multilateral financial institutions. This is an important reason for which UNCTAD has changed. The Third World nation’s different level of development, different degrees of economic and political affiliation with the North, different colonial familiarity and different discernment of national interests have created diversified attitude towards North. That may also be a reason for change in UNCTAD. The closing stages of cold war, the earth-shattering alteration in East West relations and the end of bloc politics modified the North- South relation, which has impact on UNCTAD activities.

Suffice it to say that in during 1980, the economic growth rate has deteriorated in many Third world countries. The prices of the commodities exported by Third World nations fell sharply compared with the prices they had to pay for their imports. The debt burden of many Third World countries reduced their bargaining power. The erosion of their bargaining leverage added to the softening of its militancy and increased reluctance to fight against North. The changing economic climate of the 1980’s affected different countries in different way which created diversity within the Third World countries and affected the role of UNCTAD. UNCTAD was subjected to increasing financial pressure, which affected programmes, performance, staffing morale and independence of the body. The creation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has important impact on the change in UNCTAD’s role.

In view of the above discussion, it is obvious that, although UNCTAD’s attitude towards Bretton Woods institutions and as such World Trade Organisation has changed, but despite economic and political transformations in the world in the last thirty years, the essence of UNCTAD’s development mission has not changed. Although in recent years little has been achieved through UNCTAD in the area of consultation and negotiation on general economic issues, but negotiations in UNCTAD sometimes provide a starting point for concrete decisions elsewhere, and the organisation continues to play an important role as a forum for the discussion of development issues and a centre for the study of the problems facing developing Countries. It may be mentioned here that UNCTAD has become at once a negotiating instrument, a deliberative forum, a generator of new ideas and concepts and a provider of technical assistance. As a result of this multifaceted mandate, UNCTAD was entrusted with a wide spectrum of activities cutting across several dimensions of development.

How can we prevent over populated countries

There is no denying fact that Bangladesh is an overpopulated country for which its economic as well as financial stringency always remains in shortage stage. Since, the country which is over populated can face lots of problems. These problems are food, shelter, and clothing and even in all levels of development over population cannot be treated as a good symptom. In Asia, Europe Latin America and even in some parts of Australia, there is a tremendous pressure on their national growth. In China, there are lots of problems emanating from heavy rush of population phenomena. Per Capita income of china is 25 dollar but the market prices are higher, so being an over populated country, the resources are always sparse. The birth control system of China is not restricted. The people who are educated and honest can adopt such policy, as compared to China and India, the growth rate of population census in Bangladesh is at satisfactory standard. The land is vastly dominated where the no. of population is at minimum level.

In Great Britain, per capita income of the people is $30 dollar, and as such it is possible for them to survive with the resources what they have. The problems of United Kingdom are as follows:

1) Due to discrimination of castes, and creeds, regional populations are over populated and vast.

2) The people lived by farming cannot take birth control system.

3) Some people in some parts of Great Britain are very conservative and being such clamorous, they are not found so much interested in doing so.

4) Some business men in Wales and Bristol are wealthy and highly influential in respect of family tradition, birth and tribe. They always give their verdict in keeping more children.

5) In London, most of the people are well educated and ambitious and as a result, they are very much hopeful to adopt such birth control system. In 1980, the number of population was 20 million, but presently this population has augmented to 21.5 million.

According to Thomas Malthus and L. Robinson, the power of population is undoubtedly greater than the power in the earth to produce valuables materials for humans. Presently, there are not enough amenities for every man on earth because in order to strike back famine, food is not strewn extensively. The reasons are mainly bedded on political, economic and social factors. In this connection, that the earth’s population is augmenting each year, the forecasting measurement could be realistic to face challenges in near future. In this respect, his prediction has in the meantime become real to some specific issues.

In order to strengthen the population control programme a better awareness among literate and illiterate need to be created so that the over burden of population can be checked. It is evident that the uses of practices of such abortion need to be externalized. Abortion is a useful tool for population control. If it was not practiced, the population would be unjust aim able for the planet. Over population is one of the major problem connected with regions where birth control system are low, although over population is primarily a problem in a developing countries. There are lots of complications that arise when over population occurs. In most developing countries that are over populated, they contain lots of economic problems. There are often high employment rates because there are no jobs in the economy for everyone. As unemployment rates rise, poverty rises as well without adequate supply of food, unemployment rises. This is not lobe alder. As far an example- in crowded regions, where population density is high, there is a higher rustic of handling money, far which curse starts against them.

In view of the above, it is obvious that over population is a great threadbare of economics. It creates unemployment for which the social economic condition of the people situates at low level. Birth control system is highly appreciated nowadays for which the poorer countries are adopting these policies. Abortion is helpful in controlling over population by way of preventing a whole range of other problems. The problems are sequentially great in Africa; these problems are vast and intricate. In South Africa, the people are mostly ignorant and not much educated for which they always suffer from various problems and scarcity of wealth. In one family, it has been found out on a statistics that they possess 10 children each family. As compared to Bangladesh, the birth rate is 21.6% whereas this percentage amounts 40% in South Africa.

The importance of Email/Internets

Email is basically for mail transmission electronically among people. There are also mailboxes, mail servers and other features like those in traditional post office systems. Only the difference is the simplicity and speed in the information transmission via computer and Internet (It is also discussed later on).

E-mail is a vast accomplishment in the world of communication. It is a great attainment because it allows messages reach its recipients within a very short time. If anybody asks how much time it would take for a letter to reach Bangladesh from EU or USA, even the top officials of the Post department would not be able to react. The fastest mail delivery system of the world, DHL takes a minimum of three days to deliver mail to a client. There are of course other communication devices like phone, fax, telex, but often those are too costly. Among all the media of information transmission, email is the best as it is the cheapest and also the fastest. Also it ensures privacy or confidentiality, as the message is stored in the mailbox of the recipient directly. The sender can be sure that the recipient will obtain the message, which is sometimes impossible to assume in case of Fax. Another great benefit of email is that a user can access his/her messages from any computer of the world that has Internet access, whenever he/she wants to check for e-mail.

Email address

Every email recipient must have an email address to be identified and to temporarily store the message in the mail server. If there is no address, how you will be able to locate any person among millions of people. You must have an address, and so email is sent to addresses. Example: alam@bangla.net is an email address. Every address must be specified according to the mail server. The unique name before the @ sign would give the identification of the recipient. Here alam is the user or recipient and bangla.net is the mail server.

Choice of an email program – Eudora

Eudora is one of the simplest to use and easy to install software. So it is very popular and also available everywhere. This software is discussed in the next lesson.

Using Email

Email works like a postal system. When someone mails a message (letter), first it is stored in a mail server. This is just like posting the letters in the local post office or letterbox.

Mail servers are the storage points like the postal department’s post offices, which act as temporary storage during transfer of letters from sender to receiver. In case of electronic mail, mail servers serve as the sender’s post office; the e-mails are then forwarded to numerous other mail servers before it reaches the recipient’s mail server. The sender’s mail server also plays important role in controlling data traffic. When in any network junction there are jams, then server stores some messages and sends the messages after the network gets free. In this way it protects the traffic jams in the message paths. Besides, there are different email systems, which acts as gateways or translators among POP3 or X.400.

When the message reaches the destination mail-server, it is stored there until the recipient checks for it and receives it.

Starting the Email program – Eudora

· Eudora Pro is the most popular among the email softwares.

·

After having the dial-up connection OK, we should open the Eudora.

Sending Mail

To create and send an email you have to go thrugh the following steps-

Procedure

1. Select Message menu

2. Select New Message.

3. Write the email address of the recipient.

4. Then type your necessary message.

5. Then click on send button.

Address Books

It is the place where you can create, store and retrieve the important addresses of the recipients of your emails.

Mailing Lists

Every time you want to mail, you have to type various addresses. You may keep mailing lists for this purpose. If you have already addresses in the address books, you may create mailing lists choosing from them.

Mail Attachments

You may send mail attachments with your mail. This may be any document to be opened using other softwares, games, software itself, or photos and so on.

Receiving Mail

You can check to see if you have received any email message. To check for any e-mails receipts you have to connect with the Internet server through the Dial-up network. After having the connection OK you have to open the Eudora Pro. Then you have to follow the following two steps:

Procedure

1. Select File menu

2. Select Check mail.

Type your password in the window that appears. If there were any messages for you i.e. assuming that someone has sent you e-mail you would be able to see it then. Actually the received e-mails then are transferred from the mail server into your computer’s hard disk.

Responding to Mail

After receiving any mail you may respond to it by choosing Reply option in the Message menu. Then a similar screen like that for sending email would be appeared.

Forwarding Mail

When you want to share any mail with other(s), you may just forward it to another address by chossing Forward option in the Message menu.

Web Browsing

Web Browsing involves going to different Internet sites and read the information available there. In the Internet you can get daily news, weather reports, book airline tickets, order stationary from on-line shops, get scientific information, papers, read books, view movies etc. If you want to buy any item through Internet, you can order that item. You can even pay through Internet. In short, in the Internet you can do almost anything and everything, most of all, all the information of the world is assembled here.

The steps to browse the Internet are described below:

Procedure

1. First connect to your ISP through the dial-up networking.

2. Then open any of the browser software listed below:

§ Netscape Navigator Gold

§ Internet Explorer

3. Then in the address prompt, give the web address of any web site and press Enter.

4. The web site appears and information is available there.

How to connect to the Internet

Dial up Networking

· We use telephone lines to log into the Internet server.

· Logging into any remote server by telephone line is called dial-up networking.

Procedure

1. Start menu

2. Programs

3. Accessories

4. Dial-up networking

5. A black screen appears, asking for your User ID and Password

6. Type your username and password

7. It might ask for other information which will be provided by your ISP

As shown in the above figure, it is physically possible to interconnect millions of computers through satellite system and using telephone lines creating a large network. Direct cable connection is an alternative to satellite connection among LANs. Basically Internet is the network of numerous worldwide networks. A server called Internet Server also known as ISP (Internet Service Provider) plays the role of the server computer.

If someone has an account or user permission he/she can enter into his/her ISP’s Internet Server, through which he/she can access any Internet Server in the world. Any person can browse through any information from millions of computers after he/she enters an Internet server. For this reason, Internet is a great wonder of modern science, the so-called information super highway.

A web-site is a hard disk space in one of the billions of computers in the Internet. A certain web-site will have information on a specific topic. For example Education, Sports, Shopping, Business or any other topic will have several web-sites dedicated to those topics. We can get the news from web-sites of CNN or BBC. A web-site is identified on the Internet by a unique address.

The Internet is the super corridor or super highway where any sort of information can be published, retrieved or exchanged. Every Internet Server stores a large number of information on different topics. And there are millions of such servers, which are active all day long, even days or months together. There is no break, no pause. So information is available any time, any moment. You may just hook with Internet and get the piles of information!

The WWW is a very famous term, used to define the information population by any Internet server. It is basically a worldwide publication of the web pages to demonstrate peoples, societies and organisations. Every web page is technically a page of information, where different connecting heads/subheads are available to go through next pages of related information, which are bundled together Bulletin Boards are actually simple forums where news, software, games, articles are bundled together with access to every member where they can directly contribute to or collect from the system, according to everybody’s requirement.

In a bulletin board, you may have the opportunity of conferencing with others, sending items without worrying whom you want to communicate with. Every member may have same freedom to collect anything at any time, according to his/her own convenience.

Chat forums are basically forums of people to make some grouping to create small conference among them. However there may not be different types of items other than chatting or just news.In above descriptions, it was mentioned that Internet is the worldwide Information Super Highway. But to collect the information, you must get help of the information retrieval procedures. There are several popular websites which use powerful search engines to collect various types of information within seconds. They are Yahoo, Excite, AltaVista and like. There also search sites for specific topics, like MEDLINE, Library of Congress, and Amazon etc. They also acts as publication centres of different news, advertisements and other items.

Browser is another kind of Internet software, which is used to browse or search and collect information in the Internet. Example: Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator etc.

Aspects of a browser

A browser must have the following features:

· It should be user friendly.

· It should allow all up-to-date techniques of web browsing.

· It should have different formatting facilities to choose among different options to controll the presentation format or speed of the web pages.

Choice of a browser – Netscape Navigator

Netscape Navigator is the first very easy and also popular tool to browse in the Internet using efficient technology. It has most of the important features that a browser should have.