Environment Pollution- a severe pollution by Kh. Atiar Rahman

According to Commoneous, a renowned educationist,” What comes from God is true and with the touch of human beings, it becomes untrue”. Again, in this context, Keats says,” The truth is beauty and beauty is truth “. Hence all the sources of beauties and the truth are this world. The world we live in is the most attractive place with striking landscapes and features, wild and domesticated animals, and a variety of odoriferous flowers, evergreen trees and the most wonderful creation of the Lord- the human beings. The world has been created for the human beings so that they would applause the Lord for his power and preserves these natural beauties with undiminished care. But ever since, the world began; man has been doing the opposite thing bit by bit. He has been making progress in science and industry; great deals of landscape and wild life are being abolished day by day. Over population in small areas has given birth to traffic jam and poverty, which destroys the people. Trees have been cut down to make way for construction of modern buildings. Waste disposal is discarded on land and water, which spread mosquitoes. Mosquitoes enter the household and sit on food and spray dirt on the food from the waste and many more harmful activities for which man has started to destroy the beauty of the world. In clearing forests to create fields for farming and constructing new houses, man destroys the native animals and takes away their sources of food. His domestic animals kill them or man haunts them for meat, ivory or furs. Consequentially, the numbers of those haunted animals are minimized and a few numbers of these animals’ lives are at stake. The contaminations are common phenomena through out the world causing a great crisis against our healthy environment in question. Our environment is greatly being polluted every time due to air and water pollution. Air is mainly being polluted from smokes. When the bricks are burnt, unbounded smokes are created. The compositions of such smoke particles are nicotine, thiophin, Furan, phosgene, sulfur dioxide and pyridine. These particles pollute the air tremendously. The smokes are also created when different vehicles ply over along the streets. For these reasons, all the streets are filled with the smokes that adversely affect the human health conditions. Burning poisonous gases like sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, nitric acids and sulfuric acids, again create the smokes. These particles make the air heavy and polluted. In order to construct buildings, dams and embankments, lots of plants and trees are cut down and subsequently these are burnt for bricks for which air is polluted to a great extent. In the winter-based country, the plants and trees are being planted in the artificial manner by storing sun light under some restricted environment. The things, which are being done in the green house, are the increasing of carbon dioxide, which affects the environment adversely. We need to ensure the proper use of carbon dioxide by growing the plants and trees adequately without which congenital atmosphere for our survival on earth would not have been possible.

Drug abuse

It is a fact that the squandering limits of social life visualize some threadbare known as dreadful evil forces for overall affluence and fiscal accuracy not only in our country but also in many parts of the world. It is significant that sociable evils like teen labor, acid sadism, dowry system, strangling maids, corruption and drug addiction are mammoth constraints as mixed with our blood and bone. Drug craving and alcoholism are the causes of social disorder for which a society remains jam-packed from all sorts of progression. In case of personage prospect, drug obsession is atrocious work which mingles many other fatalities like cancer, coronary, and phthisis. Drug addict is such phenomena with which a person fails to accomplish his bright lot, being plagued with superstitious and mentally disrobed; he becomes unable to get rid of such bottleneck. Drug addiction is not only a bad habit but also an evil force that spoils men’s life. Consequently, the young people are found more to be captivated with such evil forces that terrifically affect them to go astray and miscarriage.

Hence, it is significant that they are somehow skewed to take drugs like heroine, chorus, phencidel, wine cigarettes, alcohol and many other obsessed materials very harmful for health and hygiene. When a person leaves hope of life, he thinks that drug addiction is only the way without which he cannot survive on earth and as such in the next course of action, he takes drugs after drugs and become addicted. When in one time, he becomes irate; he cannot give up those addictions because he remains in the state of phantasm and sensitively buckled. Hence, alcoholics do not drink simply for pleasure, but because they assume that they cannot face life’s problems ingrained in blood and bone without alcohol.

Green house effects Vs Atmospheric pollution:

The problems of green house effects are throughout the world for which we should find out ways and means to solve the impediments, which create health hazards in our every day life. The CFC gas is the product of tremendous effects of greenhouse chattels and as a result, our environment is being polluted creating a great health hazard in question. The fact is that due to tremendous increase of CFC gas and carbon dioxide, ozone layer is consequently licked and the ultra-violet ray from the Ionosphere is in the way to hit the earth directly for which the surface temperature is gradually increasing and the ice is melted and the depth of the sea is also being increased. It is hoped in future that in course of time, the earth will be inundated under water. It has been observed in recent year’s survey that due to tremendous indiscriminant use of poly-ethane bags, pollutions are occurring to a great extent. In the world, wastage is being observed but these are being recycled in a developed process, which are the consequences of better technology and scientific research. In order to remove such pollution, a better technology and strong recycling process are needed for which new bags are possible to be made. Besides this, we need to be careful about dealing wastage for which prospective and alternative measures are keenly emphasized in a systematic manner. We know that the plants and trees are vitally important in order to make our environments healthy and sophisticated to live peacefully in the world. On the other hand, due to lack of trees, adverse situations prevail in the atmospheric layer like increasing carbon dioxide and dust particles. If this type of gas is increased in the layer, our environment becomes barren and unsuitable for living. We use oxygen in our inhalation and give out carbon dioxide as a general flow of breathing function. Trees give us shadow and fruits for which our survival on earth becomes easy and comfortable. We need trees in order to make our environment free from pollution. Hence, it is widely recognized that due to enormous use of plants and trees, we are always facing the situations of health hazard and for which the government is careful to plant trees in place of the trees cut down. Since the plants and trees are being cut down to a great extent, the amounts of lands have been reducing day by day for which the scarcity of cultivable lands are being observed tremendously. As a result of being extinct the forests, the number of animals, birds and other creature living in woodland are being reduced to a great extent. The main weapon to fight against extinction is self-awareness and consciousness. It has to come within everybody that we have to possess the feelings of responsibility and environmentalism, in order to build a better world -a world full of evergreen beauty and spirited animals and for these purpose, the following steps may be taken in due course.

· Hunting and whaling should be absolutely prohibited

· Deforestation needs to be counteracted

· The use of ivory and furs needs to be declared as a punishable crime imposing an exemplary penalty in question.

· National parks and nature reserves should be created

· The natural habitats of endangered species should be preserved.

If these plans of actions are executed immediately, then it may be expected a positive result that a man can see the dawn of a new era in the history of the world, which will be even more attractive if we are interested to be intimated with one another by forsaking all sorts of enmity and quarrelsome activities from the social life. Hence Somerset Maugham says,

“It is difficult to pass over the razor’s edge

But the wise say, the path to salvation is hard”

From the above discussion it is clear that the problems which are increasing day by day needs to be sorted out first in order to have a better situation for our survival on earth and by doing so, we need to chalk out ways and means to get rid of all sorts of adverse factors readily creating confusion for solving the constraints beset with our social and cultural life. In order to save ourselves from smokes, we need to think alternative measures like giving up cigarettes and using other lubricants in place of petrol and diesel from which no smoke particles grow. In comparison to other western world, the numbers of chain smokers have been greatly reduced but in our country it has been increasing day by day. By utmost feelings and realization, we should dedicate ourselves for the cause of real peace and tranquility of life.

Ø Child labour:

In this context, Child labour has been a great impediment for flourishing the prospects of building good citizen in our country. Due to the fact that due to poverty, the parents are compelled to send their children to work in order to maintain their family. There is no denying the fact that modern civilization has been flourishing day by day by constructing buildings, dams, and embankments and over bridges for various purposes. There is a good ground for every development works in the world for which the limitless efforts, men’s hardihood and persistent feelings are involved significantly. Indeed, all sorts of educational institutions like schools, colleges, universities and every project and offices profiles have been constructed by enormous using sufficient bricks, trees and soils. Formerly, the world was full of forests and there were uneven soils like ragged mountains and hills. In course of time, the people felt needs to enter into the world of civilization. To speak the truth, they learnt the techniques of cultivating the land, making fire and fuel for preparing their foods and ultimately, they became conversant with the useful things very convenient to them by conquering the world of science and technologies.

In this momentary world many uncommon talents came out and made the world astonished by miracle discoveries and inventions. The world is immensely beautified by her unbounded nature where the forests and the animals, hills and mountains have been flourished by the best ecosystem with relevant ecological balances with the factors of climate and weather. In the world, as the antidotes of medicine to cure diseases, the poisonous chemicals are being used up to manufacture the same. In this connection, it is important to mention that the dreadful diseases like cancer, coronary, blood cancer and aids etc., are no longer a problem or dreadful impediment to human beings. If we look around the world, we will find that the environment is being polluted every time from water pollution when mosquitoes lay eggs on standing water of the river, ponds and pools etc. When dirty and unused ingredients are thrown into water, the water is polluted tremendously. In Great Britain, the various chemicals are used in different large plants and projects; consequently, acid rains occur frequently. Suffice it to say that various poisonous gases are being produced to a great extent by tremendous use of poisonous chemicals and burning bricks for which the world around us is being polluted to a large extent. In all these phenomena, child labour has been a great manpower to contribute to work extensively. We should save them by creating awareness in social life in question.

Information system, a criteria for rapid growth of Management Structure

In the world of globalization, Information system is such where data are collected, classified and put into process interpreting the result thereon in order to provide an integrated series of information for further communicating and analyzing. In a progressively more spirited worldwide atmosphere, Information System plays the role as ‘enabler and facilitator’, which endows with tactical values to the officialdom and considerable step up to the excellence of administration. ‘An Information System is a particular type of work system that uses information technology to detain, put on the air, store, retrieve, manipulate or display information, thereby partisan one or more other work structure’. In totting up to taking side’s assessment making, co-ordination and control, information systems may also help managers and workers investigate problems, envisage complex subjects and generate new merchandise or services.

Work systems and the information systems that support typically undergo at least four phases: a) initiation, the process of defining the need to change an existing work system b) development, the process of acquiring and configuring/installing the necessary hardware, software and other resources c) implementation, the process of making new system operational in the organisation, and d) Operation and maintenance, the process concerned with the operation of the system, correcting any problems that may arise and ensuring that the system is delivering the anticipating benefits. The management of these processes can be achieved and controlled using a series of techniques and management tools which, collectively, tend to be known as Structured Methodologies. Two important methodologies: v PRINCE (Projects IN a Controlled Environment), and v SSADM (Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology), developed by the Central Computing and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA), are used widely in the UK public sector and in some Developing Countries, like Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal etc. Prior to comment on the application of these methods in the Developing Countries, it would be pertinent to describe brief outlines of these methodologies.

This system is vitally important in order to build leadership development and unnecessary things not important for Management. It allows only the viable and feasible variables to revitalize the production strain as a tentative flow. Prince system is applicable only when there exists a RDBMS (a system works on Data Base Management System) is operative to strengthen the growth of management step by step. The management develops a system where misuse of funds and manpower excess can easily be checked so that further planning for future arrangement of better economy is possible to be established.

The Concept of Super Information Highway

The Internet is the super highway where any sort of information can be published, retrieved or exchanged. Every Internet Server stores a large number of information on different topics. And there are millions of such servers, which are active all day long, even days or months together. There is no break, no pause. So information is available any time, any moment. We may just hook with Internet and get the piles of information.

The WWW is a very famous term, used to define the information population by any Internet server. It is basically a worldwide publication of the web pages to demonstrate peoples, societies and organizations. Every web page is technically a page of information, where different connecting heads/subheads are available to go through next pages of related information, which are bundled together Bulletin Boards are actually simple forums where news, software, games, articles are bundled together with access to every member where they can directly contribute to or collect from the system, according to everybody’s prerequisite. In a bulletin board, you may have the opportunity of conferencing with others, sending items without worrying whom you want to communicate with. Every member may have same freedom to collect anything at any time, according to his/her own convenience.

Chat forums are basically forums of people to make some grouping to create small conference among them. However there may not be different types of items other than chatting or just news. In above descriptions, it was mentioned that Internet is the worldwide Information Super Highway. But to collect the information, you must get help of the information retrieval procedures. There are several popular websites which use powerful search engines to collect various types of information within seconds. They are Yahoo, Excite, AltaVista and like. There also search sites for specific topics, like MEDLINE, Library of Congress, and Amazon etc. They also act as publication centres of different news, advertisements and other items. Browser is another kind of Internet software, which is used to browse or search and collect information in the Internet. Example: Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator etc.

The following are the great aspects of a browser as significantly a browser must have the following features:

· It should be user friendly.

· It should allow all up-to-date techniques of web browsing.

· It should have different formatting facilities to choose among different options to control the presentation format or speed of the web pages.

We should make a choice of a browser – Netscape Navigator due to the fact that Netscape Navigator is the first very easy and also popular tool to browse in the Internet using efficient technology. It has most of the important features that a browser should have.

In view of the above it is evident that if someone has an account or user permission he/she can enter into his/her ISP’s Internet Server, through which he/she can access any Internet Server in the world. Any person can browse through any information from millions of computers after he/she enters an Internet server. For this reason, Internet is a great wonder of modern science, the so-called information super highway. A web-site is a hard disk space in one of the billions of computers in the Internet. A certain web-site will have information on a specific topic. For example Education, Sports, Shopping, Business or any other topic will have several web-sites dedicated to those topics. We can get the news from web-sites of CNN or BBC. A web-site is identified on the Internet by a unique address.

The world wide business conflicts

There is no denying the fact that the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was acknowledged in 1964 as an unwavering member of the General Assembly to buttress global trade, in particular the export trade of just beginning countries to pick up the pace of the economic development programme of those countries. Those countries actually craving to deal with development issues in a specially created body. It is their conviction that their development problems could not be attempted successfully through active worldwide economic institute due to fact that those countries influencing interrelated business activities were dominated by urbanized countries. Its objectives were to help to attain agreement on the stabilisation of commodity prices, investment, trade preferences and compensatory financing programmes. UNCTAD has long been served as a mouthpiece of the world’s poor and has been a central forum for the North- South dialogue. Although in its long existence it has taken up many issues for encouraging the interest of developing countries, but for some reasons it has changed its role considerably. UNCTAD is doing its business facing the reality of present international economic structure.

It is inevitable for the developing countries to fortify and make it resourceful. UNCTAD conferences from 1964 to 1996 make public that the Third World has transformed their situation significantly. In their first conference in 1964 the developing countries banded together to form the Group of 77 as a coalition of the world’s poor to press for concession from the rich. In UNCTAD 6, 1983 the recognition of the importance of the role of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as multilateral development institution was made. In UNCTAD 8 in 1992 there was a broad consensus on importance of market oriented economic policies and political pluralism as basis for development. Most important decision was the reform and revitalisation of UNCTAD to ensure its continuing relevance on trade and development issues. The issues addressed in the UNCTAD forum have changed over time in response to changing international circumstances. Some of the causes will be described below.

One state one vote ethics of General Assembly gives the Third World nations advantages in the UN forums. Those who are the highest contributors to the UN command only fifteen votes. For that reason the North prefers small forums, usually outside the General Assembly. Indeed, in view of the charter of UN follows the one state one vote principle not weighted voting system like the IMF and the World Bank, so the North states reluctant to the activities of the UN General Assembly which has some influence on UNCTAD.

The major powers of the North made it clear that they were only prepared to deal with key economic problems of the South through the Bretton Woods’s institutions and WTO, which were fully under their control. In our country we have optimistic view in the sense that progressively more, thus, the developing countries, especially those with heavy balance burdens, were both nudged and drawn into embrace of these multilateral financial institutions. This is an important reason for which UNCTAD has changed. The Third World nation’s different level of development, different degrees of economic and political affiliation with the North, different colonial familiarity and different discernment of national interests have created diversified attitude towards North. That may also be a reason for change in UNCTAD. The closing stages of cold war, the earth-shattering alteration in East West relations and the end of bloc politics modified the North- South relation, which has impact on UNCTAD activities.

Suffice it to say that in during 1980, the economic growth rate has deteriorated in many Third world countries. The prices of the commodities exported by Third World nations fell sharply compared with the prices they had to pay for their imports. The debt burden of many Third World countries reduced their bargaining power. The erosion of their bargaining leverage added to the softening of its militancy and increased reluctance to fight against North. The changing economic climate of the 1980’s affected different countries in different way which created diversity within the Third World countries and affected the role of UNCTAD. UNCTAD was subjected to increasing financial pressure, which affected programmes, performance, staffing morale and independence of the body. The creation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has important impact on the change in UNCTAD’s role.

In view of the above discussion, it is obvious that, although UNCTAD’s attitude towards Bretton Woods institutions and as such World Trade Organisation has changed, but despite economic and political transformations in the world in the last thirty years, the essence of UNCTAD’s development mission has not changed. Although in recent years little has been achieved through UNCTAD in the area of consultation and negotiation on general economic issues, but negotiations in UNCTAD sometimes provide a starting point for concrete decisions elsewhere, and the organisation continues to play an important role as a forum for the discussion of development issues and a centre for the study of the problems facing developing Countries. It may be mentioned here that UNCTAD has become at once a negotiating instrument, a deliberative forum, a generator of new ideas and concepts and a provider of technical assistance. As a result of this multifaceted mandate, UNCTAD was entrusted with a wide spectrum of activities cutting across several dimensions of development.

How can we prevent over populated countries

There is no denying fact that Bangladesh is an overpopulated country for which its economic as well as financial stringency always remains in shortage stage. Since, the country which is over populated can face lots of problems. These problems are food, shelter, and clothing and even in all levels of development over population cannot be treated as a good symptom. In Asia, Europe Latin America and even in some parts of Australia, there is a tremendous pressure on their national growth. In China, there are lots of problems emanating from heavy rush of population phenomena. Per Capita income of china is 25 dollar but the market prices are higher, so being an over populated country, the resources are always sparse. The birth control system of China is not restricted. The people who are educated and honest can adopt such policy, as compared to China and India, the growth rate of population census in Bangladesh is at satisfactory standard. The land is vastly dominated where the no. of population is at minimum level.

In Great Britain, per capita income of the people is $30 dollar, and as such it is possible for them to survive with the resources what they have. The problems of United Kingdom are as follows:

1) Due to discrimination of castes, and creeds, regional populations are over populated and vast.

2) The people lived by farming cannot take birth control system.

3) Some people in some parts of Great Britain are very conservative and being such clamorous, they are not found so much interested in doing so.

4) Some business men in Wales and Bristol are wealthy and highly influential in respect of family tradition, birth and tribe. They always give their verdict in keeping more children.

5) In London, most of the people are well educated and ambitious and as a result, they are very much hopeful to adopt such birth control system. In 1980, the number of population was 20 million, but presently this population has augmented to 21.5 million.

According to Thomas Malthus and L. Robinson, the power of population is undoubtedly greater than the power in the earth to produce valuables materials for humans. Presently, there are not enough amenities for every man on earth because in order to strike back famine, food is not strewn extensively. The reasons are mainly bedded on political, economic and social factors. In this connection, that the earth’s population is augmenting each year, the forecasting measurement could be realistic to face challenges in near future. In this respect, his prediction has in the meantime become real to some specific issues.

In order to strengthen the population control programme a better awareness among literate and illiterate need to be created so that the over burden of population can be checked. It is evident that the uses of practices of such abortion need to be externalized. Abortion is a useful tool for population control. If it was not practiced, the population would be unjust aim able for the planet. Over population is one of the major problem connected with regions where birth control system are low, although over population is primarily a problem in a developing countries. There are lots of complications that arise when over population occurs. In most developing countries that are over populated, they contain lots of economic problems. There are often high employment rates because there are no jobs in the economy for everyone. As unemployment rates rise, poverty rises as well without adequate supply of food, unemployment rises. This is not lobe alder. As far an example- in crowded regions, where population density is high, there is a higher rustic of handling money, far which curse starts against them.

In view of the above, it is obvious that over population is a great threadbare of economics. It creates unemployment for which the social economic condition of the people situates at low level. Birth control system is highly appreciated nowadays for which the poorer countries are adopting these policies. Abortion is helpful in controlling over population by way of preventing a whole range of other problems. The problems are sequentially great in Africa; these problems are vast and intricate. In South Africa, the people are mostly ignorant and not much educated for which they always suffer from various problems and scarcity of wealth. In one family, it has been found out on a statistics that they possess 10 children each family. As compared to Bangladesh, the birth rate is 21.6% whereas this percentage amounts 40% in South Africa.

The importance of Email/Internets

Email is basically for mail transmission electronically among people. There are also mailboxes, mail servers and other features like those in traditional post office systems. Only the difference is the simplicity and speed in the information transmission via computer and Internet (It is also discussed later on).

E-mail is a vast accomplishment in the world of communication. It is a great attainment because it allows messages reach its recipients within a very short time. If anybody asks how much time it would take for a letter to reach Bangladesh from EU or USA, even the top officials of the Post department would not be able to react. The fastest mail delivery system of the world, DHL takes a minimum of three days to deliver mail to a client. There are of course other communication devices like phone, fax, telex, but often those are too costly. Among all the media of information transmission, email is the best as it is the cheapest and also the fastest. Also it ensures privacy or confidentiality, as the message is stored in the mailbox of the recipient directly. The sender can be sure that the recipient will obtain the message, which is sometimes impossible to assume in case of Fax. Another great benefit of email is that a user can access his/her messages from any computer of the world that has Internet access, whenever he/she wants to check for e-mail.

Email address

Every email recipient must have an email address to be identified and to temporarily store the message in the mail server. If there is no address, how you will be able to locate any person among millions of people. You must have an address, and so email is sent to addresses. Example: alam@bangla.net is an email address. Every address must be specified according to the mail server. The unique name before the @ sign would give the identification of the recipient. Here alam is the user or recipient and bangla.net is the mail server.

Choice of an email program – Eudora

Eudora is one of the simplest to use and easy to install software. So it is very popular and also available everywhere. This software is discussed in the next lesson.

Using Email

Email works like a postal system. When someone mails a message (letter), first it is stored in a mail server. This is just like posting the letters in the local post office or letterbox.

Mail servers are the storage points like the postal department’s post offices, which act as temporary storage during transfer of letters from sender to receiver. In case of electronic mail, mail servers serve as the sender’s post office; the e-mails are then forwarded to numerous other mail servers before it reaches the recipient’s mail server. The sender’s mail server also plays important role in controlling data traffic. When in any network junction there are jams, then server stores some messages and sends the messages after the network gets free. In this way it protects the traffic jams in the message paths. Besides, there are different email systems, which acts as gateways or translators among POP3 or X.400.

When the message reaches the destination mail-server, it is stored there until the recipient checks for it and receives it.

Starting the Email program – Eudora

· Eudora Pro is the most popular among the email softwares.

·

After having the dial-up connection OK, we should open the Eudora.

Sending Mail

To create and send an email you have to go thrugh the following steps-

Procedure

1. Select Message menu

2. Select New Message.

3. Write the email address of the recipient.

4. Then type your necessary message.

5. Then click on send button.

Address Books

It is the place where you can create, store and retrieve the important addresses of the recipients of your emails.

Mailing Lists

Every time you want to mail, you have to type various addresses. You may keep mailing lists for this purpose. If you have already addresses in the address books, you may create mailing lists choosing from them.

Mail Attachments

You may send mail attachments with your mail. This may be any document to be opened using other softwares, games, software itself, or photos and so on.

Receiving Mail

You can check to see if you have received any email message. To check for any e-mails receipts you have to connect with the Internet server through the Dial-up network. After having the connection OK you have to open the Eudora Pro. Then you have to follow the following two steps:

Procedure

1. Select File menu

2. Select Check mail.

Type your password in the window that appears. If there were any messages for you i.e. assuming that someone has sent you e-mail you would be able to see it then. Actually the received e-mails then are transferred from the mail server into your computer’s hard disk.

Responding to Mail

After receiving any mail you may respond to it by choosing Reply option in the Message menu. Then a similar screen like that for sending email would be appeared.

Forwarding Mail

When you want to share any mail with other(s), you may just forward it to another address by chossing Forward option in the Message menu.

Web Browsing

Web Browsing involves going to different Internet sites and read the information available there. In the Internet you can get daily news, weather reports, book airline tickets, order stationary from on-line shops, get scientific information, papers, read books, view movies etc. If you want to buy any item through Internet, you can order that item. You can even pay through Internet. In short, in the Internet you can do almost anything and everything, most of all, all the information of the world is assembled here.

The steps to browse the Internet are described below:

Procedure

1. First connect to your ISP through the dial-up networking.

2. Then open any of the browser software listed below:

§ Netscape Navigator Gold

§ Internet Explorer

3. Then in the address prompt, give the web address of any web site and press Enter.

4. The web site appears and information is available there.

How to connect to the Internet

Dial up Networking

· We use telephone lines to log into the Internet server.

· Logging into any remote server by telephone line is called dial-up networking.

Procedure

1. Start menu

2. Programs

3. Accessories

4. Dial-up networking

5. A black screen appears, asking for your User ID and Password

6. Type your username and password

7. It might ask for other information which will be provided by your ISP

As shown in the above figure, it is physically possible to interconnect millions of computers through satellite system and using telephone lines creating a large network. Direct cable connection is an alternative to satellite connection among LANs. Basically Internet is the network of numerous worldwide networks. A server called Internet Server also known as ISP (Internet Service Provider) plays the role of the server computer.

If someone has an account or user permission he/she can enter into his/her ISP’s Internet Server, through which he/she can access any Internet Server in the world. Any person can browse through any information from millions of computers after he/she enters an Internet server. For this reason, Internet is a great wonder of modern science, the so-called information super highway.

A web-site is a hard disk space in one of the billions of computers in the Internet. A certain web-site will have information on a specific topic. For example Education, Sports, Shopping, Business or any other topic will have several web-sites dedicated to those topics. We can get the news from web-sites of CNN or BBC. A web-site is identified on the Internet by a unique address.

The Internet is the super corridor or super highway where any sort of information can be published, retrieved or exchanged. Every Internet Server stores a large number of information on different topics. And there are millions of such servers, which are active all day long, even days or months together. There is no break, no pause. So information is available any time, any moment. You may just hook with Internet and get the piles of information!

The WWW is a very famous term, used to define the information population by any Internet server. It is basically a worldwide publication of the web pages to demonstrate peoples, societies and organisations. Every web page is technically a page of information, where different connecting heads/subheads are available to go through next pages of related information, which are bundled together Bulletin Boards are actually simple forums where news, software, games, articles are bundled together with access to every member where they can directly contribute to or collect from the system, according to everybody’s requirement.

In a bulletin board, you may have the opportunity of conferencing with others, sending items without worrying whom you want to communicate with. Every member may have same freedom to collect anything at any time, according to his/her own convenience.

Chat forums are basically forums of people to make some grouping to create small conference among them. However there may not be different types of items other than chatting or just news.In above descriptions, it was mentioned that Internet is the worldwide Information Super Highway. But to collect the information, you must get help of the information retrieval procedures. There are several popular websites which use powerful search engines to collect various types of information within seconds. They are Yahoo, Excite, AltaVista and like. There also search sites for specific topics, like MEDLINE, Library of Congress, and Amazon etc. They also acts as publication centres of different news, advertisements and other items.

Browser is another kind of Internet software, which is used to browse or search and collect information in the Internet. Example: Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator etc.

Aspects of a browser

A browser must have the following features:

· It should be user friendly.

· It should allow all up-to-date techniques of web browsing.

· It should have different formatting facilities to choose among different options to controll the presentation format or speed of the web pages.

Choice of a browser – Netscape Navigator

Netscape Navigator is the first very easy and also popular tool to browse in the Internet using efficient technology. It has most of the important features that a browser should have.

The importance of Information system

In the world of globalization, Information system is such where data are collected, classified and put into process interpreting the result thereon in order to provide an integrated series of information for further communicating and analyzing. In a progressively more spirited worldwide atmosphere, Information System plays the role as ‘enabler and facilitator’, which endows with tactical values to the officialdom and considerable step up to the excellence of administration. ‘An Information System is a particular type of work system that uses information technology to detain, put on the air, store, retrieve, manipulate or display information, thereby partisan one or more other work structure’. In totting up to taking side’s assessment making, co-ordination and control, information systems may also help managers and workers investigate problems, envisage complex subjects and generate new merchandise or services.

Work systems and the information systems that support typically undergo at least four phases: a) initiation, the process of defining the need to change an existing work system b) development, the process of acquiring and configuring/installing the necessary hardware, software and other resources c) implementation, the process of making new system operational in the organisation, and d) Operation and maintenance, the process concerned with the operation of the system, correcting any problems that may arise and ensuring that the system is delivering the anticipating benefits.

In view of the above discussion, it is evident that the management of Information system can be achieved and controlled using a series of techniques and management tools which, collectively, tend to be known as Structured Methodologies. Two important methodologies: v PRINCE (Projects IN a Controlled Environment), and v SSADM (Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology), developed by the Central Computing and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA), are used widely in the UK public sector and in some Developing Countries, like Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal etc. Prior to comment on the application of these methods in the Developing Countries, it would be pertinent to describe brief outlines of these methodologies.

The democratic role of Public Management System

There is no denying the fact just before the emergence of Bangladesh in the middle of 1970; the intact Western globe materialize to have moved into the essence of managerial as well as Financial reforms. Moreover, these restructuring policies actually demonstrate to show up certain general features. They all tend to be more or less managerial reforms. The trend in the track of public management reform is perceptible in the United States, Great Britain, and other Western European management, but on the other side of the globe as well, in Australia, New Zealand and other ‘Western’ countries. The style of reports on developments of administrative reforms of the OECD authenticate that most developments point in the same direction, which is the introduction of ideas, models and techniques of public management, that is the adoption of business management techniques, a greater service and client orientation, the preamble of market process and competition in public administrations.

The adoption of the Public Management Reform is linked with the rise of neo-liberalism and its political variants such as ‘Reaganism’ and ‘Thatcherism’. Hood sees its origin as a marriage of two different streams of ideas: the new-fangled institutional finances and business type ‘managerialism’. According to Linda Kaboolian, the preamble of new public management imparts two extra-ordinary chances to the scholars. She promulgates, ‘The Public Management Reform strategy provides scholars of public administration and public management two extra-ordinary opportunities. The first is to see the unfolding of an international reform movement defined by clearly articulated principles. A phenomenon of this magnitude is a natural object of empirical inquiry to scholars. The second opportunity is to engage in theoretically grounded empirical work and theory building that crosses the boundaries of the disciplines that have studied the public sector’.

In developed states, the orthodox welfarist model of improvement has largely been displaced by the new public management revolution, which involves a major rethinking of the state of its relations with the market. The radical critique of the centralized, inefficient, unaccountable, over-extended state has produced a transformative conception, and intensive efforts to run this conception into practice. Later the new public management has been focussed as an ideological system, featured by the introduction of ideas generated in private sector settings within public sector organisations.

In a recent analysis of public management reforms, it is over and done with that despite differences in nature, size and approach to reforms, a common agenda has developed, ‘a new paradigm for public management has emerged, aiming at fostering a performance-oriented culture in a less centralised public sector’. According to the OECD, this new public management paradigm is characterised by the following eight main trends:

1. developing authority, providing flexibility
2. improving the management of human resources
3. ensuring performance, control, accountability
4. optimising information technology
5. developing composition and choice
6. improving the quality of regulation
7. providing responsive service
8. strengthening steering functions at the centre

Hood presented his widely known definition of ‘new public management’ in his inaugural address in London School of Economics, based on the OECD review.

1. Hands on professional management
2. Competition
3. Standards and performance measures
4. Private sector style management
5. Output controls
6. Discipline and parsimony
7. Disaggregating of units

The components of new public management were both structural (disaggregated organisations and greater competition) and managerial (more visible hands-on management, private sector management practices, tighter cost control, explicit measurement and greater emphasis on out put controls). While the justification for the reforms was founded on the need to make the delivery of public services manageable and accountable, to avoid waste and reduce costs, to encourage competition and customer responsiveness, to apply proven private sector practices and to focus on results, it lead to changes away from a uniform and inclusive public sector and from ‘qualitative and implicit standards and norms’ towards an environment of fewer procedural constraints, more discretionary powers, and to performance-related pay and less secure conditions of employment.

After F.W.Taylor’s ‘The principles of scientific Management’, the various management theories and schools have been developed. There is one theory, model and technique of business management. The trend to introduce business like management in government therefore seems not so much inspired by scientific reason as it is by the ideological Zeitgeist. Several authors have examined the phenomenon of managerial reforms in western administrations, and various more or less different typologies have been published. What they all have in common is at least the following three characteristics:

1. business management techniques,

2. service and client orientation,

3. Market-type mechanisms such as competition.

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‘In Britain, PUBLIC MANAGEMENT REFORM has two divergent strands: managerial and the new institutional economics. Managerial refers to introducing private sector management in the public sector. It stresses: hands-on, professional management, explicit standards and measures of performance, managing by results, and value for money and more recently closeness to the customer. It is often synonym for the ‘3Es’. The new institutional economics refers to introducing incentive structures (such as market competition) in to public service provision. It stresses desegregating bureaucracies, greater competition through contracting-out and quasi-markets and consumer choice’

The introduction of businesslike management began in the British civil service when Margaret Thatcher created the Rayner scrutinies. Mr. Rayner came from a private office and presided in the cabinet office over a project group, which had to support the many scrutinies in the various departments. The terms of reference for the scrutiny team which produced the report ‘Improving Management in Government: ‘The Next Steps’ “to identify the progress achieved in improving management in the civil service” and “to identify the institutional, administrative, political and attitudinal obstacles to better management and efficiency that still remain”. This report recommended reducing the civil service to a small “core” of policy makers and “transferring” other officials to work under free standing agency boards. The ‘agencies’ should be established to carry out the executive functions of government within a policy and resources framework set by a department. Next step report was published in 1987 with view to ensure higher efficiency, better quality, and more value for money-by granting more autonomy to the executive service delivery agencies. Germany, the concept of PUBLIC MANAGEMENT REFORM adopted in different name, which is called New Steering Model. It is evident that France does not particularly have an Anglo-Saxon tradition in respect to state, government and civil service.

New public management in Belgium is associated with a more business-oriented style of management, cutting back on public spending and privatisation. The tradition of neo- corporatism, however, is still firmly in place. In the new structures of the Autonomous Public Enterprises, conventional political and interest groups are settling down in the executive boards with a view to controlling the policy of the public organisations. In these circumstances the freedom of action of the PUBLIC MANAGEMENT REFORMs is likely to continue to be limited.

The advent of new public management to Ireland seems to be already changing the climate and culture of public sector organisations, at the same time as there has been no fundamental structural change in the machinery of government; a more results oriented approach is developing. Relations between the new public manager and politics remain unchanged, both sides seeming to be happy with the present situation: the new public manager has continued to be adverse to politics, seeing that area as best left to political adverse, program managers and the private offices of politicians.

The Nordic countries have also tagged along the concept of PUBLIC MANAGEMENT REFORM but they adopt it on the basis of their own administrative requirement. Markku Temmes believed, “The PUBLIC MANAGEMENT REFORM doctrine seems to have become a water shade in the recent administrative policy of the Nordic countries. Denmark has been a pioneer in applying Public Management Reform, and Danish solutions have been quite typical Public Management Reform- type solutions, although the administrative policy followed has been more carefully pursued than in the Anglo- Saxon countries”.

In Finland, the reform of public sector management, which started in the late 1980s, has spread rapidly throughout all levels of government. Public Management Reform was identified within 134 organisations. Most public managers are located in three types of organisations: result-budgeted and net-budgeted agencies; institutions and business action plans; and public enterprises and state owned companies. These are concentrated in industry and trade, communications and training, and public utilities. Finland has been the most coherent and determined applier of Public Management Reform among the Nordic countries. This impression may have been partly created by the fact that Finland’s radical reforms have come within a fairly short period of time, the year’s 1987-95.

After careful pore over the practice of public management system in the western democracies, it obviously focuses that a major transformation has been made in the public sector management through this new concept. It is true that the main thrust for Public Management Reform began when the western democracies felt that existing government machineries are not functioning well with traditional concept of management. The success of Public Management Reform influenced the donors to introduce this concept in developing countries as condition of their loan. Developing countries are heavily suffered with the huge manpower in the public sector though these peoples are not giving proper service because of their inefficiency and traditional system of management. ‘Developing countries seem intent on following new public management as an organising principle for their societies. This is occurring with encouragement from the World Bank and other international agencies as an effort to overcome their endemic problems of development and the failure of earlier model of development economics and development administration’.

The two historical events of Bangladesh by Kh. Atiar Rahman

Bangladesh came into being as an independent state in 1971 from the emergent of the movement of 21^st February. The movement spread as nation wide agitation and there is no doubt that our economic profile has been flourishing day by day and we can say that the 21^st February is a milestone of our economic prosperity and political affiliation in the dimension of Bangladesh in the world map. There was a great ambiguity in between the measuring of values made between the two countries and not only that in case of import and export of our commodities, such ambiguity was largely compacted. It is a significant fact that they led their efforts to suppress us every time in the field of economics ingrained in common life. Bangladesh became independent and sovereign after a clarion call for liberation struggle was made following the brutal crackdown of the Pakistani Armed forces at midnight of 25^th March, 1971 on the innocent people of what was then East Pakistan. The struggle for liberation continued for about 9 months till the Pakistani occupation forces surrendered on 16^th December, 1971. Since then, 26^th March is celebrated as the National and Independence day and the 16^th December has been recognized as the Victory Day.

That is to say, our Bangladesh has been emergent on 9 months struggle and on 16 December it became enemy free state in the history of the world. We became free and we achieved independence. The Pakistani rulers did not agree to our sovereign but they fought against the innocent people to snatch away the right of our people and they were defeated and we won victoriously. The armies of Pakistani rulers have taken away the lives of our valuable resources which are our honourable learned and wise men of this sacred soil. It was a heinous deed and the world had never supported this. The territory comprising Bangladesh was inhabited by the proto-Australoids and the proto-Mongoloid, later mingled by the Dravidians, Aryans and Mongolians. Muslim conquest of the regions and continuous rule for about 500 years helped spreading Islam in the region first Arab traders in the region, started first by Arab traders and missionaries in the 11^th century. By the end of 16^th century Europeans started arriving. By promoting treason and by way of agitations and fighting, Robert Clive of East India Company won the battle of palassy which introduced the history of British rule in 1757 and continued till 1947 when the subcontinent was partitioned into and Pakistan and the territory comprising Bangladesh formed the eastern wing of Pakistan. The people of the then East Pakistan declared independence on 26^th March, 1971 and won a 9-nine month long war of independence and became independent on 16^th December, 1971.

It is evident from the past history that they used to exploit us in different ways for which they formulated the policies to disgrace us in tyrannical attitudes with which our people declared movement on 21^st February and being agitated, they protested them against their attitudes and feelings for aggression and misruling. The movement of 21^st February was only an agitation against the exploitation of resources in this country which was their object to occupy some how. They wanted to make Urdu as their state language in the sense that they liked to extend their hands for exploitation in respect of economics, commerce, language, education and traditional aspects involved in social and cultural life. Like British Empire, they wanted to torture in respect of mental, physical, political and social aspects ingrained in our common people irrespective of caste and creed. We remember this day with honour and for the sake of their blood shed, they have been immortalized as they were brave to speak about the country and the people of this soil.

Nobel Prize event of Dr. Younus

Recently, Dr. Younus as well as his Grameen Bank establishment has been jointly awarded Nobel Peace Prize due to a great contribution for poverty alleviation of Bangladesh. It is he who firstly introduced micro credit system to the poor people from his Jobla village where he was determined to see happiness and prosperity of the down trodden people and in order to strengthen his programme, he has established “Grameen Bank Micro Credit system”. By virtue of his uncommon talent, perseverance and hardihood, he has been able to promote his institute as a model through out the whole world for which he has been awarded ‘Nobel peace prize’. To symbolize his model, the distinguished personalities of the world have recognized him as a Nobel laureate and one of the most influential people in our country.

There is no denying the fact that the day it was declared is an event recognized historically for which we are indebted to him and we have a great rectitude for such personality who have brought such honour for the country. By giving only taka 860 as a credit to a woman, he started his career as a planner of micro credit system and he has been successful undoubtedly.

In view of the above, it is evident that as a nation we are prosperous and flourishing and through such significant and historical events, our survival by raising our heads is reasonable if we lead our efforts to develop our basic needs and aspects of relevant branches, we must reach our goal. The three events are glorious in the sense that by dint of our merit, perseverance and hardihood, our emergence as Bengali nation would be fruitful and up to the mark. Hence Somerset says,

‘It is difficult to pass over the razor’s edge

But the wise say, the path to salvation is hard’