Adolescent Accusation – IV

There is no denying the fact that a child is only a child, not a boy, not girl and in preservation of the rights of the children, the role of media cannot be ignored. They can focus the neglected children who are living beyond poverty and scattered here and there and even in remote places. Due to poverty and underdeveloped socio-economic factors in the country, the children are lying neglected and are compelled to engage themselves in reprehensible profession like begging, thieving and pick-pocketing etc., and in this connection it is noted that ours is a developing country and the rate of child labour is increasing day by day. The only reason is illiteracy and poverty for which we are losing bright manpower every time. The respective media should explore such neglected talents and should create the awareness for the wealthy people who have capacity to educate them. The government should hunt and assemble them for their best education for which the proper citizen of the country will be developed in a systematic manner. The States Parties of the world should recognize the right of a child who has been placed by the competent authorities for the purposes of care, protection or treatment of his or her physical or mental health, to a periodic review of the treatment provided to the child and all other circumstances relevant to his or her placement. In UN charter, it has been stated that the States Parties should recognize for every child the right to assistance from social safekeeping, including social indemnity and should take the necessary measures to accomplish the full awareness of this right in harmony with their general law.

It has been stated the States Parties should esteem the right of the child who is estranged from one or both parents to preserve personal relations and direct contact with both parents on a regular basis, except if it is contrary to the child’s best interests. Where such separation results from any action initiated by a State Party, such as the detention, imprisonment, exile, deportation or death (including death arising from any cause while the person is in the custody of the State) of one or both parents or of the child, that State Party should, upon request, provide the parents, the child or, if appropriate, another member of the family with the essential information concerning the whereabouts of the absent member(s) of the family unless the provision of the information would be detrimental to the well-being of the child. States Parties should further ensure that the submission of such a request should of itself entail no adverse consequences for the person concerned. To comprehend how women executive in higher-ranking levels in organisations in the world distinguish their roles, how they feel they are being perceived and what strategies they currently use to ensure their effectiveness within their organizations, Louise Coyle, a renowned economist, conducted a research in 1996 on the role of in a developing country and her research phenomena she accomplished that these women worked within the establishment of their own organisation, indeed they were part of the establishment and as such would not overtly acknowledge that discrimination takes place. In a survey of corporate men and women, Hennig and Jardim, distinguished economists concluded the idea in 1996 in the sense that the male and female do have different beliefs, attitude and assumptions about themselves and each other, and about organisations and managerial careers. These differences result in female styles, emphases and responses that are functional for success in management.

It may be pointed out that Valerie Hammond & Vicki Holton stated that in 1984, 41% of the workforces were women (9.5 millions women) in the UK; by 1991 this had risen to 44% or 11 million employees. Twenty eight per cent of all working women held an executive or professional position. A survey by the British Institute of Management found that the number of companies employing women executives increased from 49% in 1986 to 64% in 1990. In the same period the proportion of women directors grew from 4% to 8%. But there are no women chief executives among Britain’s top 100 companies as listed in the Times 1000.Roger Young, the institute’s Director-General said “Men are the key hurdle to women in supervision. Despite some growth, old- fashioned sexist attitude are still common and represent a real, not an imagined, barrier. After analysis of women manager’s statistics of some developed country’s Louise Coyle (1996) concluded that gender discrimination and segregation crosses geographical boundaries and cultures. Women managers face the same discrimination worldwide. Patricia G. Steimhoff & kazuko Tanaka, the statistical analysis of women labour force in Japan, it was observed that, in 1990 women constitute 41% of the labour force with the important shift from the status of family worker to wage earner. By 1990 only 17% of the women in the labour force constitute either paid or unpaid family worker. They commented that, due to the peculiarity Japanese ethos of organisation in Japan women are militated against in the area of management. This is because the vast majority of managers are promoted through the ranks with in-house company training schemes. Seniority is the primary factor. Women are obviously at a decided disadvantage because they tend to have a career break after marriage. They also cited government-led commission surveyed 1497 companies in 1979 and reported that women made up 23% of the workforce but only 0.3 % held decision-making positions. In their intensive surveyed, they commented that the situation has not improved greatly over the last 20 years. Women, at present, are in inferior standing in the world of work in relation to their male counterpart. Brew and Garavan, illustrates that “Women have equality on paper, not in practice”. They concluded that structural and attitudinal barriers dispossess women of opportunity and in order to have optimal effect women-only training must be part of a comprehensive programme designed to remove each one of these barriers. In another article Ms McCarthy, E. examines inequality at a more detailed, almost anatomical level, in the areas of:

· Recruitment and hodgepodge;

· Education and advancement;

· Support;

· Assessment;

· Service arrangements.

Where a child is illegally deprived of some or all of the elements of his or her identity, States Parties should provide appropriate assistance and fortification, with a view to re-establishing speedily his or her distinctiveness. It has been stated the states Parties should make sure that a child should not be alienated from his or her parents against their spirit, except when competent authorities subject to legal appraisal to settle on, in accordance with applicable law and procedures, that such separation is necessary for the best interests of the child. Such determination may be necessary in a particular case such as one involving ill-treatment or disregard of the child by the parents, or one where the parents are living disjointedly and a resolution must be completed as to the child’s place of abode. In accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1, applications by a child or his or her parents to enter or leave a State Party for the purpose of family reunification should be dealt with by States Parties in a positive, humane and expeditious manner. States Parties should further ensure that the submission of such a request should entail no adverse consequences for the applicants and for the members of their family. A child whose parents reside in different States should have the right to maintain on a regular basis, save in exceptional circumstances personal relations and direct contacts with both parents. Towards that end and in accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1, States Parties should respect the right of the child and his or her parents to leave any country, including their own and to enter their own country. The right to leave any country should be subject only to such restrictions as are prescribed by law and which are necessary to protect the national security, public order public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others and are consistent with the other rights recognized in the present Convention. It has been stated the States Parties should take measures to combat the illicit transfer and non-return of children abroad. It has been stated that to this end, States Parties should promote the conclusion of bilateral or multilateral agreements or accession to existing agreements. It has been stated the states Parties should assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child. It has been stated that for this purpose, the child should in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child, either directly, or through a representative or an appropriate body, in a manner consistent with the procedural rules of national law.

 

It has been stated the child should have the right to freedom of expression; this right should include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of the child’s choice. The exercise of this right may be subject to certain restrictions, but these should only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:

lFor deference of the rights or name of others; or

lFor the security of general safekeeping or of community order or of public wellbeing or morals.

 

It has been stated the states Parties should respect the right of the child to self-determination of contemplation, scruples and religion. It has been stated the states Parties should value the rights and duties of the parents and, when appropriate, legal guardians, to offer track to the child in the exercise of his or her right in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child. It has been stated the freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health or morals, or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others. It has been stated the states Parties recognize the rights of the child to freedom of association and to freedom of peaceful assembly. It has been stated the no restrictions may be placed on the exercise of these rights other than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. It has been stated the no child should be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy, family, home or correspondence, or to unlawful attacks on his or her honour and reputation. It has been stated the child has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. It has been stated the states Parties recognize the important function performed by the mass media and should ensure that the child has access to information and material from a diversity of national and international sources, especially those aimed at the promotion of his or her social, spiritual and moral well-being and physical and mental health. To this end, States Parties should:

lTo prop up the accumulation intermediate to disseminate information and material of social and cultural benefit to the child and in accordance with the spirit of article 29;

lTo give confidence international co-operation in the production, exchange and dissemination of such information and material from a diversity of cultural, national and international sources;

lTo hearten the production and dissemination of children’s books;

lTo support the mass media to have particular regard to the linguistic needs of the child who belongs to a minority group or who is indigenous;

lTo egg on the development of appropriate guidelines for the protection of the child from information and material injurious to his or her well-being; we should bear in mind the provisions of articles 13 and 18.

It has been stated that the states Parties should use their best efforts to ensure acknowledgment of the standard that both parents have common household tasks for the education and expansion of the child. Parents or, as the case may be, legal guardians, have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child. The best interests of the child will be their basic concern. It has been stated that for the purpose of guaranteeing and promoting the rights set forth in the present Convention, States Parties should render appropriate assistance to parents and legal guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities and should ensure the development of institutions, facilities and services for the care of children. It has been stated the states Parties should take all appropriate measures to ensure that children of working parents have the right to benefit from child-care services and facilities for which they are eligible.

It has been stated that the States Parties should take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child. Such protective measures should, as appropriate, include effective procedures for the establishment of social programmes to provide necessary support for the child and for those who have the care of the child, as well as for other forms of prevention and for identification, reporting, referral, investigation, treatment and follow-up of instances of child maltreatment described heretofore, and, as appropriate, for judicial involvement. A child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family environment, or in whose own best interests cannot be allowed to remain in that environment, should be entitled to special protection and assistance provided by the State.

lIt has been stated that the states Parties should in accordance with their national laws ensure alternative care for such a child.

lSuch care could include, inter alia, foster placement, adoption or if necessary placement in suitable institution for the care of children. When considering solutions, due regard should be paid to the desirability of continuity in a child’s upbringing and to the child’s ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic background.

It has been stated the states Parties that recognize and/or permit the system of adoption should ensure that the best interests of the child should be the paramount consideration and they should: To ensure that the adoption of a child is authorized only by competent authorities who determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures and on the basis of all pertinent and reliable information, that the adoption is permissible in view of the child’s status concerning parents, relatives and legal guardians and that, if required, the persons concerned have given their informed consent to the adoption on the basis of such counseling as may be necessary to recognize that inter-country adoption may be considered as an alternative means of child’s care, if the child cannot be placed in a foster or an adoptive family or cannot in any suitable manner be cared for in the child’s country of origin to ensure that the child concerned by inter-country adoption enjoys safeguards and standards equivalent to those existing in the case of national adoption to take all appropriate measures to ensure that, in inter-country adoption, the placement does not result in improper financial gain for those involved in it to support, where appropriate, the objectives of the present article by concluding bilateral or multilateral arrangements or agreements and endeavour, within this framework, to ensure that the placement of the child in another country is carried out by competent authorities or organs.

It has been stated that the States Parties should take suitable actions to ensure that a child who is seeking immigrant status or who is measured a migrant in accordance with applicable international or domestic law and procedures should, whether unaccompanied or accompanied by his or her parents or by any other person, receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance in the enjoyment of applicable rights set forth in the present Convention and in other international human rights or humanitarian instruments to which the said States are Parties. For this purpose, States Parties should provide, as they consider appropriate, co-operation in any efforts by the United Nations and other competent intergovernmental organizations or non-governmental organizations co-operating with the United Nations to protect and assist such a child and to trace the parents or other members of the family of any refugee child in order to obtain information necessary for reunification with his or her family. In cases where no parents or other members of the family can be found, the child should be accorded the same protection as any other child permanently or temporarily deprived of his or her family environment for any reason, as set forth in the present Convention.

It has been stated that the States Parties make a distinction that a emotionally or in the flesh render inoperative child should enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote self-reliance and facilitate the child’s active participation in the community. States Parties recognize the right of the disabled child to special care and should cheer and ensure the lean-to, subject to available resources, to the eligible child and those responsible for his or her care, of assistance for which application is made and which is appropriate to the child’s condition and to the circumstances of the parents or others caring for the child. 3. We should bear in mind the special needs of a disabled child, assistance extended in accordance with paragraph 2 of the present article should be provided free of charge, whenever possible, taking into account the financial resources of the parents or others caring for the child and should be designed to ensure that the disabled child has effective access to and receives education, training, health care services, rehabilitation services, preparation for employment and recreation opportunities in a manner conducive to the child’s achieving the fullest possible social integration and individual development, including his or her cultural and spiritual development States Parties should promote, in the spirit of international cooperation, the exchange of appropriate information in the field of preventive health care and of medical, psychological and functional treatment of disabled children, including dissemination of and access to information concerning methods of rehabilitation, education and vocational services, with the aim of enabling States Parties to improve their capabilities and skills and to widen their experience in these areas. In this regard, particular account should be taken of the needs of developing countries. The benefits should, where appropriate, be granted, taking into account the resources and the circumstances of the child and persons having responsibility for the maintenance of the child, as well as any other consideration relevant to an application for benefits made by or on behalf of the child. It has been stated that the States Parties recognize the right of every child to a standard of living adequate for the child’s physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development. The parent(s) or others responsible for the child have the primary responsibility to secure, within their abilities and financial capacities, the conditions of living necessary for the child’s development. It has been stated that the States Parties, in accordance with national conditions and within their means, should take appropriate measures to assist parents and others responsible for the child to implement this right and should in case of need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing.

It has been stated that the States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. States Parties should strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services and it is evident that they should pursue full implementation of this right and, in particular, should take appropriate measures:

v To diminish infant and child mortality;

v To ensure the provision of necessary medical assistance and health care to all children with emphasis on the development of primary health care;

v To combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary health care, through, inter alia, the application of readily available technology and through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking-water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental pollution;

v To ensure appropriate pre-natal and post-natal health care for mothers;

v To ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents and children, are informed, have access to education and are supported in the use of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition, the advantages of breastfeeding, hygiene and environmental sanitation and the prevention of accidents;

v To develop preventive health care, guidance for parents and family planning education and services. States Parties should take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children.

v States Parties undertake to promote and encourage international co-operation with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the right recognized in the present article. In this regard, particular account should be taken of the needs of developing countries.

From the above viewpoint, it is clear that a child is only a child, not a boy, not a girl. If we look around the world, we will find that there is no difference between men and women because they are equally positioned in the society in respect of education, social customs, research and ruling the country and in this respect, we should not disseminate a child being neglected and rather, the social force should pick such contribution to develop them in a proper way. We should not hate a child being a beggar or a maid servant. We should educate them and the authority should come forward to help them by providing hierarchical needs in question. It has been seen even, in many families, good behaviour is reflected towards them. Even, they are very much careful about building their moral and institutional shapes. In our country, many children are passing their lives miserably and the adversities know no bounds. In order to remove such bottleneck against developing, the society should come forward with a definitive purpose to settle them in a healthy environment so that they can flourish themselves in a befitting manner. There is no doubt that due to lack of proper education and good environment specifically who are living in slums, may be involved in immoral activities like thieving, robbing, snatching and terrorism. In order to amend them from being fallen, the society should rehabilate them in a proper way, if necessity the media can create awareness in this respect. In order to love the child, one should have feelings of responsibilities regarding patience, forgiveness, good bahaviour and affection. In this connection I am quoting a few lines of poems as composed by me.

“Like the dew drops falling on the grass

Glittering in the dazzling rays of the sun

She has smiles dramatic all over the world

To give impression of love at the amazing sky.

She knows no indulgence even any discord

Not even banned certainty laid the blame on,

She is clear like the shower of rain;

Who has weapons to banish the insignificant change?

She has eyes all around in the dark cloud

Like the flies to clasp in the world so high;

To eliminate shyness, murky and evils of mind,

To gather significant change of life.

Like the roses, she is scattering every side

To pact a series of beams in the sun,

To scatter the light of knowledge and skills

To inform the world that precision exists.

Her jollity reflecting like the light of the moon

To have bustling the world forthwith change

In quicker form to survive on earth

Telling of fraternity, love and peace.”

A Security Technique for database perception

A security technique represents in many organizations as an elementary change in the fortification of network data and even altering the guidelines and measures designed for a security system based on a password applied on an ID file being tricky to protect data for an ideal administration. There is no denying the fact that the changes affect users, administrators, and management where policies and procedures need to be formulated in the sense that a sophisticated as well as integrated data is possible to be set up for overall security of the administration. In real life situation, we face some common scenarios which illustrate the issues in respect of the administrators facing when planning a systematic note installations are concerned.

            We can’t depend on expertise alone to protect one’s Notes data. All effectual security systems integrate well planned process. A systematic procedure is the only way to deal with the largest threat we face—the possibility that someone within the organization will gain access to hush-hush information. When we install a Lotus Notes server, we can establish a password that is required to boot the software. If we don’t want to constantly walk from one’s office to the site housing one’s Notes servers, we will want one’s Notes server to boot without human intercession. The only way to complete this objective is to install the Notes server without any password. This system is a potential security leak. Anyone with access to the server has administrative access to all databases stockpiled on the server. Without password shield on startup, one’s data is absolutely open to anyone with physical access to the server. This system causes people to rely on physical security and safekeeping provided by one’s operating system to protect one’s Notes servers. Windows NT users of Lotus Notes can start Notes automatically without having to enter a password at the Notes console—and not compromise security. Instead of requiring a password at the Notes console, protect Notes using NT’s security. Windows NT users can start Notes in a session and require a password in order to access programs running in that session. This strategy allows NT users of Notes to set up Notes servers without any Notes password, but still protect the server from this method is rarely used access. OS/2’s password setup isn’t reliable. OS/2 comes with the capacity to set a keyboard password, and the password can be in effect at startup. In theory, this technique would protect all programs running on the machine from anyone who doesn’t know the keyboard password. However, because bypassing OS/2’s startup password is relatively easy, if we are using the OS/2 version of Notes I recommend that we provide physical security for all servers. We should provide physical security for all one’s Notes servers in any case. It’s a good idea. This section uses several databases shipped with Notes to demonstrate effective use of Notes security. The key databases that we need to protect are the Name and Address Explanation, MAIL.BOX, and a personal mailbox. When setting up security for any database, we need to keep in mind the purpose that that database serves and even incorporated in that purpose is one’s method of managing that particular database. For example, the Name and Address book is set up to allow distributed management, meaning that multiple administrators at different geographic sites should have the ability to add, change, and delete documents in the Name and Address book. This system allows us to have a single Name and Address Explanation for use in a large organization, without requiring a single administrator to be the sole point of contact for administration.

            By using Notes, we may have multiple administrators with access to the Name and Address Explanation. In addition, users should have access to their person records. Users can assume part of the responsibility for maintaining their personal information, such as their address, phone number, and fax number. This technique is certainly less burdensome than some other e-mail programs that force users to manage complete address explanations, and can significantly reduce the amount of administrative effort required to maintain a working Notes network. The default settings for the Name and Address Explanation furnish all these goals. The default access is set at this method is rarely used access without giving users the ability to create personal agents and personal folders. The administrator has manager access and can create and delete documents. Other servers that need to reproduce one’s Name and Address Explanation also have manager access. The Name and Address book also has roles, which provide the capability to create and edit groups, networks, servers, and users. These roles enable we to give administrators limited access, based on their specific job responsibilities. This enables administrators to specialize and allows organizations to further distribute the responsibility for maintaining the Address Explanation.  One’s procedures for changing the Name and Address Explanation should detail who has access to the Name and Address Explanation and their responsibilities. We should log all attempts to make changes to the Name and Address Explanation.

As a net work management tool MAIL.BOX is a special database used by the mail router in the delivery of e-mail, and is scanned by the mail router on a regular basis. Any document placed in MAIL.BOX which has a “send to” field is processed by the mail router. MAIL.BOX holds

• Mail in shipment
• Mail that can’t be conveyed to a individual mailbox

            As a net work management tool, one’s target for MAIL.BOX should be to avert unofficial access to e-mail. Administrators need to be able to evaluate dead mail but shouldn’t be viewing mail in transit. Users should have only the potential to add mail that they want delivered. Therefore, the default access for a MAIL.BOX file is depositor. It is important to mention that a person with depositor access can create documents but can’t view or update any document in the database, including those he creates. The administrators need at least editor access to view, change, and delete dead mail. Each user has his own or her own personal mailbox. The mail router places all mail for that person in his personal mailbox. Personal mailboxes are generally stored on a server, although a mobile user might create a replica of his personal mailbox on his laptop. A user should be able to access, view, and change any data in his personal mailbox. Most organizations don’t want users to change the design of the personal mailbox, however; therefore, editor access should be provided to users. Editor access gives full rights to the data stored in the database, while preventing any changes to the design or access control list. The administrators need to be able to change the design and access control list for personal mailboxes and therefore need manager access to the personal mailboxes. This may be a quick-tempered situation, especially concerning mailboxes for executives. Administrators with manager access have the capability to read and change mail as they see fit. If this is a concern, we may want to provide a special trusted group of administrators with the ability to have access to personal mailboxes. If we create a special group of administrators with access to personal mailboxes, make sure that only members of this group have access to MAIL.BOX.

            As a net work management tool Notes security is based on ID files. ID files hold a user’s name, his public and private key, and any certificates that he may have (and some other information—see Explanation 19, “Administering Notes Security,” for details). The ID file is encrypted and requires a password in order to access it. ID files are created by the administrator, certified by certifiers, and strewn to users. The two methods of distributing ID files may be enumerated as follows:

• By means of the Notes Name and Address Explanation
• By handling a floppy disk

            As a net work management tool the whole process of creating and distributing ID files is fundamentally different from creating and distributing passwords. Passwords used to log on to systems are easy to re-create. Nothing is lost if someone forgets a password; a quick phone call to the help desk creates a new password. Administrators never need to have access to the password; this isn’t true for an ID file. It needs to take care when planning the creation and distributions of ID files are promulgated. There is no central collection point for ID files; in most organizations, ID files are strewn throughout the organization, on each user’s workstation. Some organizations collect ID files on a file server, with each user’s ID file placed in a protected directory accessible only by that user. Using a file server can help minimize problems associated with widely distributed ID files, but even then mobile users will have to carry copies of their ID files on their laptops. One’s first step in designing one’s ID file creation and distribution procedures is to make one’s mind up whether we are going to store ID files centrally on a file server or share out them to users. Most organizations dole out ID files to users, although this method is rarely used.  Most users simply aren’t being able of securing their ID files against theft, and wouldn’t know if their ID files had been stolen. This situation represents a real threat to the security of one’s Notes network. If we elect to store ID files on individual workstations, make sure that one’s user information is clear on the need to keep these files secured. In case of storing ID files on a file server has two advantages:

• Users’ ID files are easier to deal out securely
• Users can log on from any point in the network, not just their workstations

            As a net work management tool if we opt for to share out ID files, the next decision that we need to make in designing one’s distribution policy is whether to distribute the ID files using Notes’ Name and Address Explanation or on a floppy disk. The advantage of using the Name and Address Explanation is that Notes provides preset support. The ID file is deleted from the Name and Address Explanation the first time the user accesses his person record. Of one’s the user would be forced to use his person record before proceeding with any other usage of Notes. Distributing ID files on floppy disk provides a ready-made backup copy of the ID file that the user can store and have available should he lose his hard disk.

            As a net work management tool when a user fails to memorize a password, providing the user with a new password is a relatively easy task. There is no permanent loss of data involved with forgetting a password. A user who loses an ID file faces far more serious consequences. Any data encrypted using that user’s communal key is lost forever, because that user’s private key is needed in order to decrypt anything that was encrypted with his unrestricted key. In addition, replacing a lost ID file entails more administrative burden than replacing a lost or forgotten password. For this reason, keeping a backup copy of an ID file is a measure of safety and security.

            As a net work management tool, there is no way to re-create an ID file once it has been lost. We can have a policy that users keep backup copies of their ID files, but quite often users will forget to update backups when their ID files are updated. It often falls to the administrator to keep a backup of all ID files that have been issued. Of course, keeping the administrator’s copy of ID files updated is also a large task. A compromise used by many organizations is to have administrators keep a backup of the user’s original ID file. This means that the administrator can replace a lost ID file with a backup. The user still must be recertified with any additional certificates that he held in the lost ID file, and get new copies of any encryption keys, but no data is lost. The one exception to this rule is when the user was storing the only copy of an encryption key. If the only copy of an encryption key is lost, any data encrypted with that key is lost. We may be able to find someone capable of breaking the encryption even in cases when no key is available, but we certainly can’t rely on this scenario. No ideal solution predominates to the problem of replacing a lost ID file. Users creating and keeping backups are unreliable, and many users will not understand this requirement. Most users need to perform this task less than once a year, and their unfamiliarity with backing up an ID file can lead to confusion, or simply choosing not to do the backup. If we choose to have one’s administrators keep a backup of all ID files, we are forced to provide one’s administrators with a level of trust that many organizations may not be willing to do. Administrators with access to backups of the ID files have the ability to use an ID file to read any encrypted mail and to assume the identity of any person. Because identities are based on ID files, access to the ID file is synonymous with being able to steal the person’s identity. Administrator access to backup ID files is a controversial point if one’s administrator is also one’s certifier, as a certifier can create IDs and guess an identity basically by creating the distinctiveness as a tentative flow.

There are some steps we can take to secure backup copies of ID files:

• Store backup copies of ID files in a secure locked safe
• Require multiple passwords for backup copies of ID files

            As a net work management tool backup copies of ID files should be kept in a secure, locked safe—not in the administrator’s desk where anyone has casual access. Because ID files are the basis of Notes security, access to ID files must be carefully controlled. ID files are encrypted and protected with a password, but backup copies of ID files often share a common password. Because we don’t want to rely on a single administrator knowing the password to one’s ID files, this password can become fairly well known throughout the organization, at least among the administrative staff. Thus, the backup copies of one’s ID files can become an easy target for hackers wishing to penetrate one’s security system. Requiring multiple passwords can minimize the chance that an administrator will use a backup copy of an ID file to impersonate another user. To replace a lost ID file using a copy with multiple passwords, we first make a copy of the backup ID. Two administrators together can then remove one of the passwords on the ID file and deliver it to the user. If someone has lost an ID file, and we fear that it may have been stolen, don’t just redistribute a backup copy of the ID file. If an ID file is stolen, we need to issue a new ID and prevent anyone from using the old ID file. Before destroying the backup copy of the ID file, we need to use it to decrypt any data encrypted with the original ID file. One’s procedure for decrypting documents using a backup copy of an ID file after someone has lost their ID file should specify that this should take place only in the presence of the person owning the file. We should be prepared to immediately re-encrypt the files with the new ID file.

            As a net work management tool, Notes ID files are protected by passwords. This strategy leads many organizations to attempt to extend their policies and procedures regarding passwords to the passwords protecting Notes ID files—a waste of company’s resources. Passwords used to log on to a system and passwords used to protect an ID file are protecting fundamentally different things. Passwords used to log on to a system are part of an authentication system. A person is identified by presenting the correct user ID/password combination. A password protecting an ID file is an access control mechanism that attempts to restrict access to the ID file. A password on an ID file isn’t involved in authentication at all. Common policies regarding passwords include the life span of a password, the minimum length of a password, and requirements for both numeric and alpha characters in a password. Policies surrounding passwords are generally designed to make passwords hard to guess. In traditional password-protected systems, knowledge of a password is all that is needed to gain access to a system. But knowing the password to a person’s ID file is useless without having a copy of the ID file. The password alone provides no access to the Notes system. Only the Notes ID file can provide access to the Notes system. If someone has a copy of the ID file, but doesn’t know the password, he can try to guess the password protecting the ID file. If the hacker has a copy of the ID file, changing the password on an ID file held by one of one’s users does nothing to the copy of the ID file held by the hacker. In addition, the hacker is free to attempt to guess as many passwords as he cares to in an attempt to break into the ID file. Because this process takes place on a system disconnected from the service, we have no way of knowing if someone is attempting to guess a password associated with an ID file. This problem is why Lotus hasn’t incorporated a method of forcing users to change the passwords on their ID files. It’s simply pointless even though changing passwords on ID files is meaningless; in some organizations it is easier to go along than to change policies. Explaining the difference between a log on password and a Notes ID password may be a difficult process in some organizations. Satisfying one’s auditors may mean having a policy asking users to change their passwords on their ID files. Even with a policy, Notes provides no way to enforce this policy. The only resource we have, if an ID file has fallen into this method, is rarely utilized which needs to create a new public and private key for the user and to issue a new ID file for that user. Before scribing the old ID file, one has to make sure, one needs to decrypt all information that was encrypted earlier by using the old ID file, and then re-encrypting this information using the new ID file is virtually important.

            As a net work management tool, a security check is concerned with ensuring that a company can track all changes to its databases and has the capability of detecting a security violation when one occurs. When designing one’s policies and procedures, ask one self, “How would I know if a security violation occurred?” To restrict a security audit, we need to know the answer to this question for all databases in one’s Notes network. We need a virtual but a written process for updating the design of one’s Notes applications which may be stated as follows:

• Scrutinizing access to one’s Notes resources
• Knowing who makes changes and when changes are made to one’s Notes designs
• Changing the Name and Address Explanation
• Replacing a lost ID file
• Decrypting documents after someone loses an ID file

            If we work in a financial institution, we probably have lived through a few security audits and have experience meeting audit requirements. We probably have already written procedures for controlling updates to one’s applications and databases. Similar policies would need to be developed to control updates to one’s Notes application designs and databases. Keep in mind that a Notes database is data and application in one package and that data, application, and access control are tightly integrated. Keeping track of all changes to a Notes design and access control list is even more important than tracking code changes for many other applications. Although authentication and access control form the basis of all security systems, we should record activity so that we can reconstruct any security violations. There are two levels of recording we need to consider:

• Logging
• Audit trails

            As a net work management tool, Logging is simply collecting information about any security-related event, such as logging into a system. Most systems today, including Notes, routinely log this type of information. The second level of monitoring, audit trails, is based on logging. A log becomes a useful audit trail when it contains context information, such as the time and the specific actions (such as documents accessed) that occurred. For example, knowing that a person attempted to access a server is fine, but logging the fact that a user attempted to access the system at 10:23, typed in three wrong passwords, along with those three wrong passwords, is far more useful. The second thing that must happen for a log to become a useful audit trail is that the log must be protected. It must be impossible for the log to be deleted or modified. This includes all users, including administrators. The Notes log meets the first essential characteristic of an audit trail. It logs essential access-control events and it records much of the context surrounding each event. However, in Notes there is no way to prevent an administrator from changing the log, so the Notes log in and of itself isn’t a foolproof audit trail. There are two reasons why we would want to keep an audit trail:

• To analyze an incident after the fact, we need to be able to analyze an audit trail
• A true audit trail provides a higher confidence level that the log is accurate

We need to have a significant exemplification databases to e-mail all changes to one’s personal mailbox, with which we can set up a central database to record all changes. This feature helps track changes to ACL phenomena but isn’t a true audit trail. Typical procedures for updating a Notes design include having servers specifically designated as production servers and not allowing application designers to make changes directly to the production server should be considered. By requiring administrators to approve and then roll out changes, we can track the resources and time of all design changes. Such significant exemplification shows the recommended process for updating Notes applications. Discovering that a security violation has occurred is more difficult in Notes than in a password-protected system. The primary method used by many organizations to detect attempted break-ins on password-protected systems is to track the number of logon attempts for a single user ID. Repeated failed attempts to log on are a sign of hackers attempting to break into one’s system. However, with Notes we have no way of tracking hackers’ attempts to guess passwords for ID files. Anyone with a copy of an ID file can run a guessing program on his or her local machine until finding the password. The Notes server isn’t involved in the process of protecting ID files, and therefore can’t track attempts to break into a Notes ID file.

            It is a significant fact that once a hacker gains access to an ID file and has guessed the password for that ID file, he can gain instant access to one’s Notes systems. His access won’t appear any different initially than an ordinary access by the real user. Notes authentication succeeds because the hacker has the correct certificates. We need to know the typical usage patterns of one’s users for clues that a hacker is accessing the system. Perhaps the access is being made at an unusual operation for that user, or the hacker may be attempting to access databases not normally used by that account. Currently, automated tools to detect these user patterns don’t exist, making detection difficult in large Notes networks. We should focus one’s efforts on the critical portions of the Notes system: the Name and Address Explanation, mailboxes, and any highly sensitive databases within one’s organization. Monitoring is a critical part of any security system. For now, Notes relies on administrators haphazardly scanning log records to notice any particular potential violations.

            Tracking changes to one’s system requires that all users have and use personal ID files. There is little point in tracking changes if we can’t tell exactly who is making the changes. Many organizations try to ease their administrative burden by using a common ID file for all administrators. This makes changing/creating access control lists easier. Don’t do it!!! If we are serious about security, avoid issuing a common ID file to all administrators. Because administrators will make most of the changes to one’s database design and access control lists, they represent the most serious security threat. Tracking the person actually making the changes is important for one’s security audits. Certifiers are extremely powerful. They can masquerade as any user in one’s organization. Through the ability to create ID files, certifiers have complete access to one’s Notes resources. Both Notes servers and Notes clients rely on certificates to authenticate identities. Authentication succeeds because both the server and client trust a common third party—the certifier who issued the certificate they have in common. Note the word “trust.” If the certifier who issued the certificates isn’t trustworthy, one’s Notes network isn’t secure. Choose one’s certifiers carefully. If a certifier should leave one’s corporation under less than ideal circumstances, we will be faced with the large task of recertifying all users certified by that certifier. We must discard any certificates for which this certifier had access, and create new certificates for each user. Because we can’t know in advance whether we will face this situation, proper planning is required. Fortunately, a proper scheduling can reduce the effort required to recover from a disgruntled certifier. One thing one’s certifiers should never do is certify people by using the organizational certificate. If one’s organizational certificate is used to certify ID files, we would need to recertify every user in the organization when a certifier left the company. We should only use the organizational certificate to create organizational unit certificates. ID files should only be certified using organizational unit certificates. This reduces the number of users that must be recertified when a certifier leaves. Such significant exemplification 4.2 shows the users who would need to be recertified if the Marketing/L3Comm certifier leaves the company. By using an organizational unit certifier to certify ID files, L3Comm reduces the number of users who need to be recertified. In this case, only the marketing department needs to be recertified. One other way to reduce the threat posed by certifiers is to require at least two passwords on all certifier ID files. Access to certifier ID files is what gives certifiers the ability to issue certificates. By requiring two certifiers to be present to use a certifier ID file, we look the odds that a certifier will create fraudulent ID files for his personal use. We should require two passwords on all organizational unit certifier ID files and three passwords on the organization certifier ID file.

            Firewalls protect one’s company’s computers from external threats for which the security problem generally arises when a company is trying to connect to the Internet, but Internet protection need not be the only use of firewalls within one’s company. Firewalls can be established between divisions of one’s company. Firewalls attempt to isolate two networks from each other. A firewall attempts to prevent this method is rarely used network packets from passing through to one’s protected networks. Firewalls are a relatively expensive security feature, ranging in price from a few thousand to several hundred thousand dollars. Complex firewalls can easily run tens of thousands of dollars in hardware costs alone. If we’re looking for a low-cost way to provide moderate protection from Internet attacks, we can use two Notes servers as a firewall. Notes can serve as an effective firewall. A Notes-based firewall is different in nature from typical firewalls. Typical firewalls rely on rules specified by administrators to filter TCP/IP packets that can enter or exit the network. Notes-based firewalls rely on Notes security features to block attacks. If we decide to use Notes as a firewall, we need to purchase additional software to provide access to FTP, Usenet newsgroups, the World Wide Web, and e-mail.

Firewalls are designed primarily to prevent TCP/IP network packets from passing through the firewall. An extremely good technique of isolating one’s internal network from this method is rarely used.  A TCP/IP packet is to not use TCP/IP on one’s internal network. Notes firewalls are based on this technique. The connection between the external server and the internal server shouldn’t be a TCP/IP connection. This system forces all traffic from the Internet to be translated into a different protocol. In Such significant exemplification 4.4, the two Notes servers are connected with a null modem cable. Notes does all protocol conversions to allow Notes users to access the Internet. We could also set up each server with two network interface cards. In each server, one NIC runs IPX and one runs TCP/IP. All communications between these two servers is done using IPX. This prevents any TCP/IP packets coming from the Internet to travel through one’s server to one’s internal network. Notes traffic is automatically handled by the Notes server. The Notes server will transfer the data coming in from the Internet to the correct protocol when passing it on to the internal server. This method is rarely used Notes traffic can pass through, but no TCP/IP packets are allowed into one’s internal network. In this case, we can use all the security features of Notes to filter the Notes traffic that is allowed into one’s internal network. The real benefit to using Notes as a firewall is that it enables us to tightly control access from within the corporation to the Internet. We can use Notes add-on products such as news readers and Web page readers to translate Internet data into Notes format and provide this data to one’s employees. Because this add-ins are controlled by one’s Notes administrator, users who want to access a new portion of the Internet must have one’s administrator first set up the add-on product to read that portion of the Internet. This technique enables us to provide unlimited access for business uses, while off-putting or purging personal access to the Internet. For example, we can limit access to specific Usenet groups by configuring one’s Notes server to monitor only the desired groups. In Such significant exemplification 4.5, the administrator has selected a subset of all possible Usenet groups. Employees can access only the groups stored as a Notes database on the local server.

            Suffice it to say that Notes firewalls enable us to filter the traffic going from one’s internal employees to the Internet. Because all Internet data is translated to/from documents in Notes databases, we can use all of one’s Notes administrative tools to restrict or monitor the information being sent and type of access being allowed. It also makes sense to integrate Internet data into one’s Notes network. Users will appreciate having the worked on Notes to view and search Internet data. By providing a common tool for accessing internal and external data, we eliminate the criteria which are used as special tools just used to access Internet data. Users also appreciate—or at least tend to be less dissatisfied with—an administrator who does a good job of identifying useful Internet resources and making them available through Notes. We can expect to lose access to some of the latest, greatest Web features. We will only have access to the features supported by the products that connect Notes to the Internet. Also, Notes isn’t designed to be a firewall, and only provides a moderate amount of protection. A complete discussion of firewalls and all the desirable features is beyond the scope of this explanation.

For a Notes firewall to be effective at limiting access to the Internet, it must be the only connection from one’s company to the Internet. Otherwise, employees can use the alternate path to access Internet resources.  As with all Notes servers, Notes firewalls shouldn’t be used as file servers, FTP servers, or distributed file system servers. Many organizations will never need to worry about encryption. However, data security goes beyond controlling access to data. What if we need to verify that a memo sent two months ago came from the person listed in the “from” field? What if we need to encrypt one’s data while it is being sent from the server to the client? We can accomplish these things with Notes. If we need to send a “For Eyes Only” memo that we want only one person to be able to read, we can encrypt that memo, using one’s intended recipient’s public key. Because we have used the recipient’s public key to encrypt a message, only that recipient’s private key can decrypt that message.

            As a net work management tool, when we need to guarantee that a memo came from the person listed in the “from” field, we should use digital signatures. Digital signatures use the user’s private key to attach an encrypted field to the memo. If the memo is altered or distorted in any way after the memo has been digitally signed, we can tell. This is prepared in a way that makes it impossible to know anything about the original document from just the fingerprint. The next step is to use the signer’s private key to encrypt the fingerprint. The encrypted fingerprint is the digital signature. Digital signatures are verified using the public key of the signer. The signature is decrypted to give the original fingerprint. The verifier then generates a new fingerprint based on the current state of the document.  If the document hasn’t been changed, and the correct public key is used to decrypt the signature, we know that the document hasn’t been changed since the document was signed and we know the identity of the person signing the document.

As a net work management tool, a note doesn’t make default to encrypt data being transmitted over a network. Notes makes the reasonable assumption that either

• We have a secured network
• We don’t care if data is captured while being transmitted

            This is the way for which the most corporations have been operating for many years and is therefore a reasonable assumption for Lotus to make. If these aren’t valid assumptions for one’s network, we can be significant exemplification Notes to provide its own secure communications channel. In order to use digital signatures or privacy-enhanced memos, both users need to have access to a common Name and Address Explanation. The Name and Address Explanation is where public keys are stored. Of one’s, private keys are stored in the ID file, which should be in a secure place accessible only by the actual owner of that ID file. For example, we digitally sign a memo using one’s own private key, but someone needs access to one’s public key stored in the Name and Address Explanation before they can verify the signature. The same is true for privacy-enhanced mail. We need access to someone’s public key, stored in the Name and Address Explanation, in order to send that person private mail. This level of coordination, having each person have access to a common Name and Address Explanation, is a major drawback to using Notes as a basis for private communications across separate enterprises. Users can mail copies of encryption keys to other users, but only regular users of encryption are likely to do this. One question that many organizations have is, “How can we allow users read-access to data while preventing them from printing or copying this data?” Of one’s resources, there is no way to absolutely prevent users from copying data that they can read, because they can always get out a pencil and paper and write down all the information. Let’s wrap up the discussion of the security basics by using the Notes security elements to accomplish some specific goals. These scenarios are meant as illustrations to help we understand the intent behind each of the Notes security features. We can protect parts of a document by using protective sections. When creating the form, divide the form into sections. For the section that we want to protect, assign a group name that will hold all users with rights to edit that section. The default access to the database should be this method is rarely used access. Users with this method is rarely used access can create documents and read documents, but not edit documents. Only those sections of one’s documents specifically granting editor access can be edited—and then only by those users specifically listed in the group name for that protected section. This ability is often useful in workflow applications. For example, a user may have the right to generate a purchase order document, but shouldn’t be allowed to change the document. This technique would prevent someone from changing a purchase order after it has been this method is rarely used. This method is rarely used Names fields in documents. Users can create documents but, because they aren’t listed. This method is rarely used Names field; they don’t have the ability to edit any document. When we are collecting sensitive information, we want to make sure that users can’t read information submitted from other users. In this case, we want to protect documents from everyone except the person who created it. We do this using reader fields. When the document is created, a reader field that lists the user should be created automatically by using a macro to evaluate data integrity within a remote view of any object oriented utilities. Don’t forget to include any administrative groups and servers that will need access to the document.

            If one’s application uses fields that should be personalized only by one’s programs and macros, we want to protect that field from fortuitous alteration by users. We can achieve this by locoing the field as premeditated and entering the name of that field in its formula. As a Notes administrator, we will need to be particularly concerned with the security setup for each database on one’s server. Security is the primary of one’s resources of problems in many Notes installations. A note uses a combination of certificates, public and private keys, and access control lists to provide a finely granulated level of security. The primary weakness in Notes security is the security policies that one’s organization chooses to implement. The most likely route for an attack on one’s Notes system is to gain access ID files containing the private keys and certificates from one’s organization. We will need to carefully design and plan out one’s policies and procedures for managing one’s ID files. Each organization will have to balance the costs versus the benefits. Notes have tightly integrated encryption capabilities based on public-key cryptography technology licensed from RSA. Public-key encryption is the basis for mail encryption, digital signatures, and secure communications channels. Public-key encryption is useful only when there is a convenient way to exchange public keys. Other Internet software, such as PGP, has already spawned a small industry to support the exchange of public keys. Let’s hope that, in the near future, public-key management in inter-enterprise and extra-enterprise applications becomes easier for Notes. Until that time, privacy-enhanced mail and digital signatures are primarily useful within a single domain. If we need to transmit data between two servers and we don’t have a trusted connection between the two servers, we can use port encryption. The data is decrypted by the receiving server. This eliminates the possibility of anyone eavesdropping on one’s conversation virtually in question.

            In view of the above, it is evident that data security is inevitable to develop the integral part of a systematic data management which is a central component for smooth administration. For this reason, protection of information in security point of view is vitally important for which a management needs a sophisticated network system for developing RDBMS to ensure value for money audit in terms of the necessity of IT inspection system.

What we see 10 years later

‘I do not know what course others may follow but for me, liberty or death’ was the remarkable statement of Sir Muhammad Ali, a distinguished political leader in Indo Pak sub- continent who had unflinchingly thrown challenges to the then British rulers who arranged a round table meeting in order to discuss overall situation of Indo Pak sub continent. He declared that he would never come back to his motherland as it was not a free country; if the rulers of British regime failed to give his country freedom, they might spare a piece of land for his grave there as it was an independent state. In the next as per history of independence of this sub continent, a few days later, he breathed his last. The history says that he had struggled for the sake of liberty and equality of his country to lead his life controlled and cleanly for which a nation can flourish day by day. From this point of view, it is clear to me that a nation’s birth occurs to bloom in full swing where there is no mistrust, deceits and terrorism, but in real life situation, we face unlimited perils of life which thrust us backwards from where our efforts have been continued to be enlightened day by day.

From this day we can assume what may happen 10 years later, now we are struggling to survive some how as there exists terrorism, dowry system, early marriage, corruption, drug addiction and a number of social evils are prevailing in our country which are every times creating impediments against our prosperous future and our younger generations are looking forward to have a quicker change in the midst of misfortune and intensive superstitious. The world is at present passing a time of critical crisis bedded on scarcity, choice, hardships and pessimistic situations in socio-economic levels of the country. From a view of a student, the present and ahead of it for long 10 years, he would preserve his knowledge with history, geography, science and technology and can appear as a responsible citizen. His plans may be substantiated and he can be reflected as a personality of a glorious perception which would sanctify him in a systematic manner. From the present level, he can see his innermost world within his capacity of mental feelings and attitude of life which indicates him what sort of character phase he tries to uphold in order to find out ways and means in future. There is no denying the fact that the fundamental rights of the children is supported by UN charter which envisages that a child must be protected by providing him/her hierarchical needs like physiological, safety, security, egoistic and self actualization need. In Un convention, it has been clearly stated that a child must be flourished and it is the duties of the parents and in this respect, the state parties should have a special look to the well beings of the children and as such they should ensure necessary funds to develop them with proper education, knowledge and other ancillaries in a systematic manner so that they should develop themselves as an ideal citizen. In this context, Child labour has been a great impediment for flourishing the prospects of building them as good citizen in a country. Due to the fact that due to poverty, the parents are compelled to send their children to work in order to maintain their family. There is no denying the fact that modern civilization has been flourishing day by day by constructing buildings, dams, and embankments and over bridges for various purposes. There is a good ground for every development works in the world for which the limitless efforts, men’s hardihood and persistent feelings are involved significantly. Indeed, all sorts of educational institutions like schools, colleges, universities and every project and offices profiles have been constructed by enormous using sufficient bricks, trees and soils. Formerly, the world was full of forests and there were uneven soils like ragged mountains and hills. In course of time, the people felt needs to enter into the world of civilization. To speak the truth, they learnt the techniques of cultivating the land, making fire and fuel for preparing their foods and ultimately, they became conversant with the useful things very convenient to them by conquering the world of science and technologies. In this momentary world many uncommon talents came out and made the world astonished by miracle discoveries and inventions. In those work, men and women are equally engaged where it is evident that a child is only a child, not a boy, not a girl.

In present world, we are facing through lots of crisis like wants, fickle mindedness and mismanagement every where and despite glorious modern technology with big economy and big government, lots of troubles such as murdering, robbing, cruelty and invasion against the weaker who have no sufficient resources to retaliate the rivals. The natural disasters are found sometimes as evil forces which destroy our lives and property for which humans and animals in the woodland suffers mischievously. Very recent survey shows that smoking is harmful for our health and hygiene and I am optimistic that 10 year later, there will be no smoking habits as to be molded in the habits of humans and suffice it to say that a new law has been promulgated through out the world to prohibit smoking considering extensive threadbare against vital force. There is a tremendous amount of evidence that various dreadful diseases occur often in smokers than non-smokers and these diseases are: Lung cancer; emphysema causing thinning and weakening of lung tissue; cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, gullet, bladder, and pancreas; coronary thrombosis causing blockage of arteries to the heart; angina pectoris causing pain due to narrowing of arteries to the heart; and chronic bronchitis with phlegm. Furthermore, Smoking appears to delay the healing of stomach ulcers; it reduces the senses of smell and taste; slows down reflexes which causes making smokers more prone to accidents; and gives the breath, clothes, and homes of smokers an unpleasant smell. Very recent research shows that smokers endanger the health of non-smokers. Pregnant women smokers tend to have smaller babies than non-smokers, and their babies are more likely to be born dead or die a few days after birth. Besides such tremendously adverse affects, the children of smoking parents have more lung infections in the first years of life than the children of non-smokers. During one hour in a smoky room, a non-smoker can inhale as much cancer-causing substances as some one smoking 15 filter-tip cigarettes. Illness related to smoking is very expensive. In U.K. and USA, it results in the loss of about 50 millions working days a year, treatment costs several hundreds thousands dollar a day, and it causes the death of over a thousand people a week. However, those who give up smoking greatly reduce their chances of developing diseases as mentioned above in question. Drug addict is such phenomena with which a person fails to achieve his bright lot, being laden with superstitious and mentally being disrobed, he becomes then unable to get rid of such bottleneck. Drug addiction is not only bad habits but also an evil force that spoils the men’s life in question. There is no suspicion that the young people are found more to be addicted as compared to other evil forces that tremendously affect people to go to dogs and miscarriage. They are somehow influenced to take drugs like heroine, chorus, phencidel, wine cigarettes, alcohol and many other addicted materials very harmful for health and hygiene. When a person somehow leaves hope of life, he thinks that drug addiction is only the way for which he can survive on earth and as such in the next course, he takes drugs after drugs and become addicted. When in one time, he becomes addicted; he cannot be able to give up those addictions because he remains in the state of hallucinations and mentally distortions. Hence Alcoholics do not drink simply for pleasure, but because they guess that they cannot face life’s problems without alcohol. That is to say, they become dependant upon alcohol without realizing it and as such for the first time, pleasing effects are produced by one or two drinks, but soon larger and larger amounts are needed to yield these effects, until self control is unduly irrevocable.

There is no denying the fact that more road mishap results from hefty drinking than from any other reason. This is due to the fact that alcohol slows down reflexes, interferes with concentration and distance judgments, and increases recklessness. As has been stated above that heavy drinking can cause cancer of the mouth, gullet, stomach, and liver. It upsets the digestion and reduces blood cell formation, causing anemia. Suffice it to say that alcohol causes shrinkage of the brain, reducing the powers of abstract reasoning, and it destroys liver cells causing this organ to store abnormally large amounts of fat. In severe cases, alcoholics suffer numbness and paralysis of the limbs. Some alcoholics suffer a disorder known as delirium tremens when forced to stop drinking and besides this, vomiting occurs and the whole body begins to shake and in due course, it is followed by hideous and often ghastly visions. A drug can be defined as a chemical material that affects the mind and only the so-called hard drugs are irresistible. These include the opiates: opium, morphine, and heroine. A drug addict comes to depend upon a drug so that life is no longer bearable without it. Addiction occurs because, like alcohol, more and more of the drug is required to produce its desired effects. Furthermore, if the drug supply is suddenly cut off an addict suffers withdrawal symptoms and these can be radically fatal. Marijuana and hashish are those drugs produced from the plant Indian hemp and accordingly, visible effects of the drugs including reddening of the eyes caused by distention of blood vessels, and enlargement of the pupils. Effects on the mind vary and in general visual awareness is increased and ideas flow more quickly. These drugs are not addictive and there is no evidence that they harm the body. There is a danger, however, that the drug taker’s sense of judgment will be distorted so that reckless or foolish behavior can result. Lysergic acid DI-ethyl amide (LSD) is an example of a hallucinogenic drug, so called because it gives rise to dramatic aberration. The effects of LSD trip are unpredictable and seem to depend upon the mood of the user immediately before taking the drug. It could for instance intensify awareness and perception to the point at which the user undergoes mystical experiences or it may intensify a depressed, fearful or agitated mood with horrifying results. Another problem with LSD is that very small quantities have powerful effects, and since illegally produced drugs vary in quality drug takers can never be sure how much they are taking. An overdose of LSD can result in insanity or death.

Another problem with LSD is that very small quantities have powerful effects, and since illegally produced drugs are extracted from the seed capsules of the opium poppy. Opiates are medically important as painkillers. But drug takers use them because they give rise to feelings of well beings, contentment, and power. Unfortunately when the effects wear off the taker becomes anxious and depressed and is tempered to take another dose to restore a good mood, a course that can lead to addiction. Morphine, heroine, and other drugs that are often injected involve the risk of infection from dirt hypodermic needles. Besides this, Barbiturates and amphetamines are used immediately to relieve anxiety and as sleeping pills. But they are dangerous because the dosage must be continually increased to be effective. Barbiturates are often used in combination with amphetamines and other stimulants. These reduce the sleepiness induced by barbiturates with a feeling of mental alertness. Amphetamines harm the health by reducing the appetite, by causing sleeplessness, and by reducing the body’s ability to fight infection.

In view of the above, it is obvious that we are optimistic about the future; the future which will appear to us must be glorious and more transparent as we are passing the most perils of life where the evil forces are active against prosperity of education, history, culture, social development and overall heritage of life. We should not be unenthusiastic as we are enriched with hopeful bright future in the sense that when the whole nation will continue efforts to raise their heads for constructive and effective work and legibility of life with the dauntless touch wood of good harvest by dint of perseverance, intelligence and merits virtually.

Adolescent Accusation

There is no denying the fact that a child is only a child, not a boy, not girl and in preservation of the rights of the children, the role of media cannot be ignored. They can focus the neglected children who are living beyond poverty and scattered here and there and even in remote places. Due to poverty and underdeveloped socio-economic factors in the country, the children are lying neglected and are compelled to engage themselves in reprehensible profession like begging, thieving and pick-pocketing etc., and in this connection it is noted that ours is a developing country and the rate of child labour is increasing day by day. The only reason is illiteracy and poverty for which we are losing bright manpower every time. The respective media should explore such neglected talents and should create the awareness for the wealthy people who have capacity to educate them. The government should hunt and assemble them for their best education for which the proper citizen of the country will be developed in a systematic manner. The States Parties of the world should recognize the right of a child who has been placed by the competent authorities for the purposes of care, protection or treatment of his or her physical or mental health, to a periodic review of the treatment provided to the child and all other circumstances relevant to his or her placement. In UN charter, it has been stated that the States Parties should recognize for every child the right to assistance from social safekeeping, including social indemnity and should take the necessary measures to accomplish the full awareness of this right in harmony with their general law.

It has been stated the States Parties should esteem the right of the child who is estranged from one or both parents to preserve personal relations and direct contact with both parents on a regular basis, except if it is contrary to the child’s best interests. Where such separation results from any action initiated by a State Party, such as the detention, imprisonment, exile, deportation or death (including death arising from any cause while the person is in the custody of the State) of one or both parents or of the child, that State Party should, upon request, provide the parents, the child or, if appropriate, another member of the family with the essential information concerning the whereabouts of the absent member(s) of the family unless the provision of the information would be detrimental to the well-being of the child. States Parties should further ensure that the submission of such a request should of itself entail no adverse consequences for the person concerned. To comprehend how women executive in higher-ranking levels in organizations in the world distinguish their roles, how they feel they are being perceived and what strategies they currently use to ensure their effectiveness within their organizations, Louise Coyle, a renowned economist, conducted a research in 1996 on the role of in a developing country and her research phenomena she accomplished that these women worked within the establishment of their own organization, indeed they were part of the establishment and as such would not overtly acknowledge that discrimination takes place. In a survey of corporate men and women, Hennig and Jardim, distinguished economists concluded the idea in 1996 in the sense that the male and female do have different beliefs, attitude and assumptions about themselves and each other, and about organizations and managerial careers. These differences result in female styles, emphases and responses that are functional for success in management.

It may be pointed out that Valerie Hammond & Vicki Holton stated that in 1984, 41% of the workforces were women (9.5 millions women) in the UK; by 1991 this had risen to 44% or 11 million employees. Twenty eight per cent of all working women held an executive or professional position. A survey by the British Institute of Management found that the number of companies employing women executives increased from 49% in 1986 to 64% in 1990. In the same period the proportion of women directors grew from 4% to 8%. But there are no women chief executives among Britain’s top 100 companies as listed in the Times 1000.Roger Young, the institute’s Director-General said “Men are the key hurdle to women in supervision. Despite some growth, old- fashioned sexist attitude are still common and represent a real, not an imagined, barrier. After analysis of women manager’s statistics of some developed country’s Louise Coyle (1996) concluded that gender discrimination and segregation crosses geographical boundaries and cultures. Women managers face the same discrimination worldwide. Patricia G. Steimhoff & kazuko Tanaka, the statistical analysis of women labour force in Japan, it was observed that, in 1990 women constitute 41% of the labour force with the important shift from the status of family worker to wage earner. By 1990 only 17% of the women in the labour force constitute either paid or unpaid family worker. They commented that, due to the peculiarity Japanese ethos of organization in Japan women are militated against in the area of management. This is because the vast majority of managers are promoted through the ranks with in-house company training schemes. Seniority is the primary factor. Women are obviously at a decided disadvantage because they tend to have a career break after marriage. They also cited government-led commission surveyed 1497 companies in 1979 and reported that women made up 23% of the workforce but only 0.3 % held decision-making positions. In their intensive surveyed, they commented that the situation has not improved greatly over the last 20 years. Women, at present, are in inferior standing in the world of work in relation to their male counterpart. Brew and Garavan, illustrates that “Women have equality on paper, not in practice”. They concluded that structural and attitudinal barriers dispossess women of opportunity and in order to have optimal effect women-only training must be part of a comprehensive programme designed to remove each one of these barriers. In another article Ms McCarthy, E. examines inequality at a more detailed, almost anatomical level, in the areas of:

· Recruitment and hodgepodge;

· Education and advancement;

· Support;

· Assessment;

· Service arrangements.

Where a child is illegally deprived of some or all of the elements of his or her identity, States Parties should provide appropriate assistance and fortification, with a view to re-establishing speedily his or her distinctiveness. It has been stated the states Parties should make sure that a child should not be alienated from his or her parents against their spirit, except when competent authorities subject to legal appraisal to settle on, in accordance with applicable law and procedures, that such separation is necessary for the best interests of the child. Such determination may be necessary in a particular case such as one involving ill-treatment or disregard of the child by the parents, or one where the parents are living disjointedly and a resolution must be completed as to the child’s place of abode. In accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1, applications by a child or his or her parents to enter or leave a State Party for the purpose of family reunification should be dealt with by States Parties in a positive, humane and expeditious manner. States Parties should further ensure that the submission of such a request should entail no adverse consequences for the applicants and for the members of their family. A child whose parents reside in different States should have the right to maintain on a regular basis, save in exceptional circumstances personal relations and direct contacts with both parents. Towards that end and in accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1, States Parties should respect the right of the child and his or her parents to leave any country, including their own and to enter their own country. The right to leave any country should be subject only to such restrictions as are prescribed by law and which are necessary to protect the national security, public order public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others and are consistent with the other rights recognized in the present Convention. It has been stated the States Parties should take measures to combat the illicit transfer and non-return of children abroad. It has been stated that to this end, States Parties should promote the conclusion of bilateral or multilateral agreements or accession to existing agreements. It has been stated the states Parties should assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child. It has been stated that for this purpose, the child should in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child, either directly, or through a representative or an appropriate body, in a manner consistent with the procedural rules of national law.

It has been stated the child should have the right to freedom of expression; this right should include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of the child’s choice. The exercise of this right may be subject to certain restrictions, but these should only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:

lFor deference of the rights or name of others; or

lFor the security of general safekeeping or of community order or of public wellbeing or morals.

It has been stated the states Parties should respect the right of the child to self-determination of contemplation, scruples and religion. It has been stated the states Parties should value the rights and duties of the parents and, when appropriate, legal guardians, to offer track to the child in the exercise of his or her right in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child. It has been stated the freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health or morals, or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others. It has been stated the states Parties recognize the rights of the child to freedom of association and to freedom of peaceful assembly. It has been stated the no restrictions may be placed on the exercise of these rights other than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (order public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. It has been stated the no child should be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy, family, home or correspondence, or to unlawful attacks on his or her honour and reputation. It has been stated the child has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. It has been stated the states Parties recognize the important function performed by the mass media and should ensure that the child has access to information and material from a diversity of national and international sources, especially those aimed at the promotion of his or her social, spiritual and moral well-being and physical and mental health. To this end, States Parties should:

lTo prop up the accumulation intermediate to disseminate information and material of social and cultural benefit to the child and in accordance with the spirit of article 29;

lTo give confidence international co-operation in the production, exchange and dissemination of such information and material from a diversity of cultural, national and international sources;

lTo hearten the production and dissemination of children’s books;

lTo support the mass media to have particular regard to the linguistic needs of the child who belongs to a minority group or who is indigenous;

lTo egg on the development of appropriate guidelines for the protection of the child from information and material injurious to his or her well-being; we should bear in mind the provisions of articles 13 and 18.

It has been stated that the states Parties should use their best efforts to ensure acknowledgment of the standard that both parents have common household tasks for the education and expansion of the child. Parents or, as the case may be, legal guardians, have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child. The best interests of the child will be their basic concern. It has been stated that for the purpose of guaranteeing and promoting the rights set forth in the present Convention, States Parties should render appropriate assistance to parents and legal guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities and should ensure the development of institutions, facilities and services for the care of children. It has been stated the states Parties should take all appropriate measures to ensure that children of working parents have the right to benefit from child-care services and facilities for which they are eligible.

It has been stated that the States Parties should take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child. Such protective measures should, as appropriate, include effective procedures for the establishment of social programmes to provide necessary support for the child and for those who have the care of the child, as well as for other forms of prevention and for identification, reporting, referral, investigation, treatment and follow-up of instances of child maltreatment described heretofore, and, as appropriate, for judicial involvement. A child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family environment, or in whose own best interests cannot be allowed to remain in that environment, should be entitled to special protection and assistance provided by the State.

lIt has been stated that the states Parties should in accordance with their national laws ensure alternative care for such a child.

lSuch care could include, inter alia, foster placement, adoption or if necessary placement in suitable institution for the care of children. When considering solutions, due regard should be paid to the desirability of continuity in a child’s upbringing and to the child’s ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic background.

It has been stated the states Parties that recognize and/or permit the system of adoption should ensure that the best interests of the child should be the paramount consideration and they should: To ensure that the adoption of a child is authorized only by competent authorities who determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures and on the basis of all pertinent and reliable information, that the adoption is permissible in view of the child’s status concerning parents, relatives and legal guardians and that, if required, the persons concerned have given their informed consent to the adoption on the basis of such counseling as may be necessary to recognize that inter-country adoption may be considered as an alternative means of child’s care, if the child cannot be placed in a foster or an adoptive family or cannot in any suitable manner be cared for in the child’s country of origin to ensure that the child concerned by inter-country adoption enjoys safeguards and standards equivalent to those existing in the case of national adoption to take all appropriate measures to ensure that, in inter-country adoption, the placement does not result in improper financial gain for those involved in it to support, where appropriate, the objectives of the present article by concluding bilateral or multilateral arrangements or agreements and endeavour, within this framework, to ensure that the placement of the child in another country is carried out by competent authorities or organs.

It has been stated that the States Parties should take suitable actions to ensure that a child who is seeking immigrant status or who is measured a migrant in accordance with applicable international or domestic law and procedures should, whether unaccompanied or accompanied by his or her parents or by any other person, receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance in the enjoyment of applicable rights set forth in the present Convention and in other international human rights or humanitarian instruments to which the said States are Parties. For this purpose, States Parties should provide, as they consider appropriate, co-operation in any efforts by the United Nations and other competent intergovernmental organizations or non-governmental organizations co-operating with the United Nations to protect and assist such a child and to trace the parents or other members of the family of any refugee child in order to obtain information necessary for reunification with his or her family. In cases where no parents or other members of the family can be found, the child should be accorded the same protection as any other child permanently or temporarily deprived of his or her family environment for any reason, as set forth in the present Convention.

It has been stated that the States Parties make a distinction that a emotionally or in the flesh render inoperative child should enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote self-reliance and facilitate the child’s active participation in the community. States Parties recognize the right of the disabled child to special care and should cheer and ensure the lean-to, subject to available resources, to the eligible child and those responsible for his or her care, of assistance for which application is made and which is appropriate to the child’s condition and to the circumstances of the parents or others caring for the child. 3. We should bear in mind the special needs of a disabled child, assistance extended in accordance with paragraph 2 of the present article should be provided free of charge, whenever possible, taking into account the financial resources of the parents or others caring for the child and should be designed to ensure that the disabled child has effective access to and receives education, training, health care services, rehabilitation services, preparation for employment and recreation opportunities in a manner conducive to the child’s achieving the fullest possible social integration and individual development, including his or her cultural and spiritual development States Parties should promote, in the spirit of international cooperation, the exchange of appropriate information in the field of preventive health care and of medical, psychological and functional treatment of disabled children, including dissemination of and access to information concerning methods of rehabilitation, education and vocational services, with the aim of enabling States Parties to improve their capabilities and skills and to widen their experience in these areas. In this regard, particular account should be taken of the needs of developing countries. The benefits should, where appropriate, be granted, taking into account the resources and the circumstances of the child and persons having responsibility for the maintenance of the child, as well as any other consideration relevant to an application for benefits made by or on behalf of the child. It has been stated that the States Parties recognize the right of every child to a standard of living adequate for the child’s physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development. The parent(s) or others responsible for the child have the primary responsibility to secure, within their abilities and financial capacities, the conditions of living necessary for the child’s development. It has been stated that the States Parties, in accordance with national conditions and within their means, should take appropriate measures to assist parents and others responsible for the child to implement this right and should in case of need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing.

It has been stated that the States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. States Parties should strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services and it is evident that they should pursue full implementation of this right and, in particular, should take appropriate measures:

v To diminish infant and child mortality;

v To ensure the provision of necessary medical assistance and health care to all children with emphasis on the development of primary health care;

v To combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary health care, through, inter alia, the application of readily available technology and through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking-water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental pollution;

v To ensure appropriate pre-natal and post-natal health care for mothers;

v To ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents and children, are informed, have access to education and are supported in the use of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition, the advantages of breastfeeding, hygiene and environmental sanitation and the prevention of accidents;

v To develop preventive health care, guidance for parents and family planning education and services. States Parties should take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children.

v States Parties undertake to promote and encourage international co-operation with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the right recognized in the present article. In this regard, particular account should be taken of the needs of developing countries.

From the above viewpoint, it is clear that a child is only a child, not a boy, not a girl. If we look around the world, we will find that there is no difference between men and women because they are equally positioned in the society in respect of education, social customs, research and ruling the country and in this respect, we should not disseminate a child being neglected and rather, the social force should pick such contribution to develop them in a proper way. We should not hate a child being a beggar or a maid servant. We should educate them and the authority should come forward to help them by providing hierarchical needs in question. It has been seen even, in many families, good behaviour is reflected towards them. Even, they are very much careful about building their moral and institutional shapes. In our country, many children are passing their lives miserably and the adversities know no bounds. In order to remove such bottleneck against developing, the society should come forward with a definitive purpose to settle them in a healthy environment so that they can flourish themselves in a befitting manner. There is no doubt that due to lack of proper education and good environment specifically who are living in slums, may be involved in immoral activities like thieving, robbing, snatching and terrorism. In order to amend them from being fallen, the society should rehabilate them in a proper way, if necessity the media can create awareness in this respect. In order to love the child, one should have feelings of responsibilities regarding patience, forgiveness, good bahaviour and affection.

The major Social Evils

There is no denying the fact that the social evils as prevailing in our country may be identified as the great bottlenecks for overall prosperity and economic stability in our country. It is a fact that the social evils like child labor, acid violence, dowry system, strangling maids, raping, and pollutions environmentally, corruption and drug addiction are colossal impediments as mixed with our blood and bone. However, the following evils are enumerated as the reflection of social disrobement in question:

Corruption:

In case of dealing money with others in exchange of any thing, that is in the field audit and accounts and all financial matters, corruption may be defined as B+D-A=C where B stands for Budget, D for discretion, A for accountability and C for corruption. To remain honest is the remedy of it but this corruption is developed from scarcity and dishonesty upon implicit character level of human beings. Education is achieved for necessity and un-necessity, necessity in the sense that a man can receive education for getting academic degree to show prestige and un-necessity in the sense that his education what he has achieved during academic institution will be reflected in contributing social service and humanity. By upholding any profession, he can dedicate himself for the cause of others and thus he can glitter his image as a rare personality. But now a day, we observe different picture in our real life situation. It is important to note that real education is absent to save us from the hands of corruption for which a man can promote his lot in every spheres of life. Hence Somerset Mangham says,” It is difficult to pass over the razors edge, but the wise say, the path to salvation is hard”

Almighty Allah has propelled people to the terrain with all crucial things fundamentally imperative for their endurance. Deity has also bequeathed upon them some rules for leading our lives controlled and cleanly and as such he has accordingly bestowed upon some rules and regulation so that human beings can lead his life by following these instructions like complete code of every well beings of eternity virtually and ideally. If they go out of these rules, they become nonplussed what to do. Corruption may exist in rendering services in the field of private, public sectors and in leading normal flow of life. When a man degenerates himself, he stigmatizes himself by entering into the world of dimness as well as fallacious from where he can never get rid of. He commits crime, such as smuggling, robbing, murdering, snatching and dilapidation etc. Failure waits for him everywhere. Even if, he is attracted by innumerable but deadly forbidden things. Being educated, he becomes addicted to evil works in society. He knows that it is the transient and allusion of worldly affairs, which has no eternal value in the real sense. In many times, it is observed that he becomes ambitious and many harmful activities are performed in social life. He knows that being corrupt and heinous work, the society cannot consider him as an evil person; never the less; every body is in the way to run after such forbidden things. In many times the terror leaders welcome him and encourage him to do the forbidden things. Thus a person becomes the leader of the country and occupies a very influential position in the society by doing all the forbidden things like bribing, mal practicing and thieving. Hence forth, it is seen that from every branches of the Government corruption is a common phenomenon for which the nation would like to lead a healthy life. Bangladesh is a highly populated country and as such the double entendre among her resources and needs are prevailing every time to a great extent. Due to spinelessness of wealth, here one-fourth people cannot satisfy their daily needs for which no one is satisfied with his family life. It is a very difficult doohickey for someone to get a job, as there are fewer vacancies in offices, industries and so on. When people cannot find any occupation or job for earning their livelihood, they do not get any alternative measures except committing crimes. So unemployment is a reason for being a criminal and the opportunist apply this sense in evil manner and influence him to do the job of mischievous and heinous deeds for which he remains depleted through out his whole life.

Ø Terrorism:

In this world everyone needs a companion to live with society, friendship and love. That is why; people make friendship in the hope to have good fortune to deal future life. But every friend might not stand beside another friend in weal and woe. He sometimes pushes him towards danger and inspires him for doing anti-social activities, which is called ‘crime’. Therefore, being a criminal, he may be infected with the misleading people. Suffice it to say that due to frustrated socio-economic conditions prevailing in our country, our society of youths is leading very miserable life. They are creating hindrance and preventing the people from dealing normal life as they are sometimes no longer lost to play a role of terrorists as well as miscreants. Due to the fact that poverty is the indispensable reason for doing criminal assault on the part of the youths. Any person belonging to a poor family has to pass his days through hard struggle. He surely wants to develop his condition. On the other hand, for being poor, he does not get opportunity to be educated properly. Consequently, he cannot have any respectable occupation. At last, finding no other alternatives, he commits crime as his profession. If we are able to reach our goal as expected, it is universal that glory of success must wait for us in future. But we must have to work arduously for that golden opportunity. Otherwise our all hopes and aspirations will be nipped in the bud. No one cannot get salvation of ideal love and peace from God by following the path vices and misfortune. Dr. Faustus was an uncommon genius but by committing seven deadly sins with the exchange of his soul into the hell by taking 24 years kingdom in the eternal world had been thrown to the hell. Lucifer, the owner of the hail grew jealous of him for his talent and geniuses and made a deed by way of Mephistopheles with Faustus. Later, Faustus became lamented but due to his colossal crime, he was thrown to the hell for his misdeeds for long 24 years. That is to say, if a man is addicted to bad habits during childhood, he cannot get rid of from such criminal assault for which he has to repent on through out his whole life. Youth is the best season of good harvest and as such it is likes mild mud and henceforth, he needs to precede his life very carefully. Mainly for these three reasons, we are loosing many brightly illuminated resource personnel to place them on the basis of ‘Right man for the right place’ of our country. We need to end all these frolicsome activities. We must come across some way to get rid of mischievous debris and save the bewildered people of our country. The Government also should take actions against such awful activities. First of all, the people here should be aware of the explosion of population and they must not possess more than two children. Secondly, we need to be careful about making friendship, so that we don’t have any bad company. And at last, we must have to recognize the importance of education. No matter how poor we are, we have to try our level best to gain knowledge. In this context, Socrates said,” Knowledge is virtue, from knowledge, virtue and goodness flourish; from ignorance, he said, all that is evil.”

Ø Environment Pollution:

According to Commoneous,” What comes from God is true and with the touch of human beings, it becomes untrue”. Again, in this context, Keats says,” The truth is beauty and beauty is truth “. Hence all the sources of beauties and the truth are this world. The world we live in is the most attractive place with striking landscapes and features, wild and domesticated animals, and a variety of odoriferous flowers, evergreen trees and the most wonderful creation of the Lord- the human beings. The world has been created for the human beings so that they would applause the Lord for his power and preserves these natural beauties with undiminished care. But ever since, the world began; man has been doing the opposite thing bit by bit. He has been making progress in science and industry; great deals of landscape and wild life are being abolished day by day. Over population in small areas has given birth to traffic jam and poverty, which destroys the people. Trees have been cut down to make way for construction of modern buildings. Waste disposal is discarded on land and water, which spread mosquitoes. Mosquitoes enter the household and sit on food and spray dirt on the food from the waste and many more harmful activities for which man has started to destroy the beauty of the world. In clearing forests to create fields for farming and constructing new houses, man destroys the native animals and takes away their sources of food. His domestic animals kill them or man haunts them for meat, ivory or furs. Consequentially, the numbers of those haunted animals are minimized and a few numbers of these animals’ lives are at stake. The contaminations are common phenomena through out the world causing a great crisis against our healthy environment in question. Our environment is greatly being polluted every time due to air and water pollution. Air is mainly being polluted from smokes. When the bricks are burnt, unbounded smokes are created. The compositions of such smoke particles are nicotine, thiophin, phuran, phosgene, sulfur dioxide and pyridine. These particles pollute the air tremendously. The smokes are also created when different vehicles ply over along the streets. For these reasons, all the streets are filled with the smokes that adversely affect the human health conditions. Burning poisonous gases like sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, nitric acids and sulphuric acids, again create the smokes. These particles make the air heavy and polluted. In order to construct buildings, dams and embankments, lots of plants and trees are cut down and subsequently these are burnt for bricks for which air is polluted to a great extent. In the winter-based country, the plants and trees are being planted in the artificial manner by storing sun light under some restricted environment. The things, which are being done in the green house, are the increasing of carbon dioxide, which affects the environment adversely. We need to ensure the proper use of carbon dioxide by growing the plants and trees adequately without which congenital atmosphere for our survival on earth would not have been possible.

Atmospheric pollution:

There are many ranges of atmospheric pollution problems currently threatening the earth’s general environment; the problem arises from the acidic gases produced by burning fossil fuels in a different situations. The majority of power stations in industrialized countries burn coal or oil. Both these fuels are polluted with sulphur, which produces sulphur dioxide when it burns. The wind can carry acid rain clouds away from the industrialized centers, causing the pollution to fall on other countries. Besides this, oxides of Nitrogen dioxide are produced when thunderstorm blows or air is heated in furnaces or in vehicle petrol engines. Consequently, these gases dissolve in rainwater to produce acid rain. Due to acid rain, the following adverse effects are observed:

· Limestone buildings and statues are worn away.

· Lakes and rivers are acidified, and the presence of metal ions leached out of the soil damages the gills of the fish and as such the fishes can die.

· The nutrients are leached out of the soil and from leaves. Trees are deprived of these nutrients. Aluminum ions are freed from the clay as Aluminum sulphate and damage the roots of the trees. The tree is unable to draw up water through damaged roots and it dies. Due to depletion of ozone layer, a protective layer of ozone in the stratosphere prevents harmful ultra-violet radiation reaching the earth’s surface ozone layer remains depleted.

· Chlorofluorocarbons and other halogen compounds are formed due to the depletion of ozone layer, which causes the damage of human beings and plants in question, for which restrictions have been imposed to use such compounds virtually by International agreement.

In view of the above it is evident that if the situation were tolerable to grow worse, preamble to higher levels of ultra-violet radiation could effect more cases of skin cancer in human and cause crops to a great extent. That is to say, in burning chemicals and bricks, poisonous gas emit and as such sulphur dioxide gas, Nitrogen dioxides and carbon monoxide gas are produced in atmospheric layer and consequently, acid rain occurs. This sort of acid rain causes trees to destroy and soil to pollute and poisonous. As a result of creating such dangerous pollutants, our lives are becoming risky and health hazards. Besides this, the problems of green house effects are throughout the world for which we should find out ways and means to solve the impediments, which create health exposure in our every day life. The CFC gas is the product of tremendous effects of greenhouse chattels and as a result, our environment is being polluted creating great health vulnerability in question. The fact is that due to awesome increase of CFC gas and carbon dioxide, ozone layer is consequently licked and the ultra-violet ray from the Ionosphere is in the way to hit the earth directly for which the surface temperature is gradually increasing and the ice is melted and the depth of the sea is also being increased. It is hoped in future that in course of time, the earth will be inundated under water. It has been observed in recent years survey that due to tremendous indiscriminant use of poly-ethane bags, pollutions are occurring to a great extent. In the world, wastage is being observed but these are being recycled in a developed process, which are the consequences of better technology and scientific research. In order to remove such pollution, a better technology and strong recycling process are needed for which new bags are possible to be made. Besides this, we need to be careful about dealing wastage for which prospective and alternative measures are keenly emphasized in a systematic manner. We know that the plants and trees are vitally important in order to make our environments healthy and sophisticated to live peacefully in the world. On the other hand, due to lack of trees, adverse situations prevail in the atmospheric layer like increasing carbon dioxide and dust particles. If this type of gas is increased in the layer, our environment becomes barren and unsuitable for living. We use oxygen in our inhalation and give out carbon dioxide as a general flow of breathing function. Trees give us shadow and fruits for which our survival on earth becomes easy and comfortable. We need trees in order to make our environment free from pollution. Hence, it is widely recognized that due to enormous use of plants and trees, we are always facing the situations of health hazard and for which the government is careful to plant trees in place of the trees cut down. Since the plants and trees are being cut down to a great extent, the amount of lands have been reducing day by day for which the scarcity of cultivable lands are being observed tremendously. As a result of being extinct the forests, the number of animals, birds and other creature living in woodland are being reduced to a great extent. The main weapon to fight against extinction is self-awareness and consciousness. It has to come within everybody that we have to possess the feelings of responsibility and environmentalism, in order to build a better world -a world full of evergreen beauty and spirited animals and for these purpose, the following steps may be taken in due course.

· Hunting and whaling should be absolutely prohibited

· Deforestation needs to be counteracted

· The use of ivory and furs needs to be declared as a punishable crime imposing an exemplary penalty in question.

· National parks and nature reserves should be created

· The natural habitats of endangered species should be preserved.

If these plans of actions are executed immediately, then it may be expected a positive result that a man can see the dawn of a new era in the history of the world, which will be even more attractive if we are interested to be intimated with one another by forsaking all sorts of enmity and quarrelsome activities from the social life.

Ø Child labour:

Presently, Child labour has been a great impediment for flourishing the prospects of building good citizen in our country. Due to the fact that due to poverty, the parents are forced to send their children to work in order to maintain their family. Presently, under aged Children are found engaged in different factories and other offices to earn livelihood because of poverty and frustrated socio-economic condition in dealing with normal life pattern. In the government, there is no scope of providing children to work but privately, they may arrange work locally. In the garment factory, they are engaged extensively. Due to the fact, as they are mentally and physically weak, they are victimized in many ways by the employer and other workers. Presently, many events have been reflected in newspapers about strangling the teenage maids and other workers working in different establishments.

There is no denying the fact that modern civilization has been flourishing day by day by constructing buildings, dams, and embankments and over bridges for various purposes by employing millions and millions of labour but not child labour. There is a good ground for every development works in the world for which the limitless efforts, men’s hardihood and persistent feelings are involved significantly. But the fact is the children are engaged in such development work that is tremendously dangerous in flourishing our nation in a significant manner. The children may contribute a lot indeed, all sorts of educational institutions like schools, colleges, universities and every project and offices profiles have been constructed by enormous using labors that are considered as effective work force but the teenagers who are employed in low wage are not the real manpower in the field of industry and other sectors. Formerly, the world was full of forests and there were uneven soils like ragged mountains and hills. In course of time, the people felt needs to enter into the world of civilization. To speak the truth, they learnt the techniques of cultivating the land, making fire and fuel for preparing their foods and ultimately, they became conversant with the useful things very convenient to them by conquering the world of science and technologies. In this momentary world many uncommon talents came out and made the world astonished by miracle discoveries and inventions. If we engage the children in work before establishment by means of education, we will destroy such talents whose contributions are most important virtually.

In view of the above, it is a fact that in all these phenomena, child labour has been a great manpower to contribute to work extensively. We should save them by creating awareness in social life in question. The government should issue orders to all concerned to look into the matter to save the children from being faded early for good. We should bear in mind that child labour is a heinous deeds for which a nation suffers a lot. We need to create awareness among the people so that child labour is stopped soon.

A King without Crown

‘A man who has held his head high in such deep-seated manner had had the recognition of the world as a harbinger of highest human prestige in world literature’ was the remarkable statement applicable to William Shakespeare. He conquered the heart of common people who understand the value of life and the nature and even though, he has led his pens through the mainstreams of social as well as human problems. William Shakespeare was not only the name of a play writer but also, he was a versatile genius in the sky of English literature who led his pen through out the intensive problems of human beings irrespective of castes and creed and even with his gallant touch, the common phenomena of human societies have been reflected in a systematic manner. As he has entered in English literature as a Play Writer but he has thought about the poetic diction in the world which speaks about the nature, love and the superiority of natural aspects virtually. In his flow of writing, he has included all sorts of literary contents very tactfully and used his dialect in the creation of world literature for which he had had the recognition of the world as the greatest author and dramatist.

William Shakespeare was born at par Avon in Stratford where he was brought up and so far it is learnt that his father was a carpenter in a Weaving factory He received his primary education from Stratford and afterwards, he joined to a drama club from where he had started his career as a play writer. Afterwards, he had written a number of world class books on English literature out of which King Lear, Hamlet, Macbeth, Troilus and Cressida, as you like it, Julius Caesar, Anthony and Cleopatra, Measures for Measure are the greatest. In every of his literary creations, he added the dimension of poetic diction and thus he ornamented his literary stringency with full aspects human problems and their solutions. His poem in English literature is unforgettable because he has brought the contrasts of feelings in between man and nature. As has been reflected in the sonnet XXIX by William Shakespeare, a true love of his beloved with nature has been vividly contemplated in a significant manner. The poet thinks that his love for his beloved will be never ending. Even, some changes may occur in natures which always show the sequence of transient trend of life. The influences on change-ability of the nature over the earth are melancholy and transitory. Human beings are developed in the earth and flourished through some changes day by day after a short span of time, causing decay and destruction, he dies and his everything on earth is faded away as a symbol transient growth of nature. The poet thinks that he has unlimited love towards his beloved and this love is never changed as the nature changes and develops and withers. The beauties on earth are temporary and as such melancholic strain prevails in its every influence over the plants, environment and the situation that occurs after change. The earth is changing with the changes of nature and his love cannot be changed which is permanently bedded on integrity, peace and faith in his heart. The poet presents a true love, which is uncommon, but illuminating blaze will occur spontaneously.

According to William Shakespeare, the nature is encountered with unbounded sequence of earthly objects and beauteous outpourings occur in the mental attitude of the poet. To speak the truth, the poet has an immense love for his beloved and in exchange of anything it is pure and unparalleled. The poet envisages that due to changes on the nature, his love will never be changed rather it will be hidden forever. In this poem, the theme is ideally judged in terms of allegorical meaning of real love and purity of life. It is obvious that the poet’s love is heavenly dedicated which lies forever. It is neither perishable nor changeable. According to him, his perpetual and happy love always remains in his inward eye, which reveals the utmost sphere of livelihood. His life is without love for his beloved does not show any significance of real life in the sense.

 

There is no denying the fact that once there was discernment that brought into being popular during the 16^th century in England. It was in fastidious proliferated by the Tudor rulers in order to ensure the prolongation by their rules as the system of kingship was supposed to be fixed by the deity himself where men’s willingness was fake and fabricated. This doctrine affirmed that the king was god specified, self-governing and a direct representative of supernatural being on earth. Therefore under no state of affairs was the king to be aloof, put back as this throne appropriated on this would be alongside the strength of character of God. Once a king was named he was to remain one until he died or usual death and even to step down from the kingship was not permissible. In his famous book, ‘Troilus and Cressida’ William Shakespeare verbalizes, “Take but degree away, untune that string, And hark, what discord follows” where he sought after to articulate explicitly that for the Elizabethans, the dominion was not minimally a well-designed role where it was a fundamental part of a pecking order predestined by God himself which accommodates the celestial, saintly, human being, mammal and materialistic world. Everything had its selected place in this progression. To dislocate was to provoke pandemonium. The king was God’s right to be heard on earth and whichever attempt to squeeze the throne from him would lead to mayhem and suffice it to pronounce that it was not some far-flung theory which subsequently several Shakespeare’s plays are apprehensive with the remove from power of kings – and that cataclysm perpetually tag along – is a manifestation of the implication of the impression, and of Elizabethan fretfulness about the chain to the queen.

 

The Elizabethans would have initiated it easier said than done to comprehend Lear’s renunciation. Even of inferior quality was to carve up the kingdom and thus generate scope for potential rivalry: such an accomplishment could not be tolerated by a people for whom the internecine bloodlettings of the wars of the Roses hang about a folk reminiscence. Shakespeare’s social group would understand Lear’s tribulations: a worn-out aged king with no son to succeed to his favorite daughter uncommitted. But they would have distinguished no answer but for the king to endure: God had placed him on the throne and, in the comprehensiveness of time, God would remove him. If they implicit Lear’s dilemma, they would recognize even better the chaos mechanism from his wrong-headed resolution.

There is supplementary delicate standpoint in which we have to view this premise of kingship. The play seems to point toward that the altitude of the throne can distort the person who occupies it. Lear has been congregated for so long with adulation that he can no longer make a distinction connecting sincerity and deception. He has for so long been obeyed in every scrupulous that he cannot stand for the slightest delay in the observance of his wishes. That which in the young king might have been forthright and assertive has now degenerated into the vain, harsh and imperious. It is an inquiring feeling whether it occurs in the case of all leaders, rulers and kings. Perhaps but what we know for certain is that Lear has to undergo an agonized flaking away of accumulated layers of insensitivity and obtuseness before finding himself. Would he have needed to do so if he had been a humble servant rather than a sovereign? It seems by a hair’s breadth likely. Is a king sufferer as able-bodied as a ruler?

 

Even supposing, misfortunes in King Lear shoots up to a paramount celestial height, the chronicles finds its pedigree in an awful status like run of the mill which envisage the apprehension between parents and grown up children which reflect readers to be more intensive to have eagerness to know the situation ahead. At its simplest, the play concerns itself with the expectations of aged parents and the differing responses of their adult children. Shakespeare’s Macbeth had no doubt about ‘that which should accompany old age’ which he clarifies as ‘tribute, devotion, submission’. King Lear would certainly say amen to that although he would add gratitude. His antagonism with Cordelia stems not only just from mortification and hurt pride, but also from rage at her apparent ungratefulness. As he is progressively broken by Goneril and Regan, his torment resounds on this theme and even until he begins to learn through suffering , Lear’s thoughts are for himself of what his children’s obligations are to him, of what he has done for them and how it should be rewarded. The key problem is that both parents and children are confronting a time of changeover, of exchange of power and authority. The parents are in taking a rain check, the young at the peak of their power and energy. We see two responses from the children. One, from Cordelia and Edgar, is to love and succour their parents, accept their faults, bear no grudge, bide their time. The other, from Goneril, Regan and Edmond, is ruthless, self-centered, annoyed and heavy-handed. The old are past it, no more than an encumbrance and an obstruction. They must be hard-pressed aside and inheritance detained. The best expression of this comes from Edmond, in the words he attributes to Edgar:’ I have heard him of mountain it to be fit that, sons at perfect age, and fathers declined, the father should be as ward to the son and the son manages his revenue’ . Lear, of course, receives similarly short sheriff and In scene iv Goneril speaks repeatedly of his dotage the point is driven home later by Regan. As his daughters strip him of his retinue, Lear brokenly points out’ I gave you all’. The retort expresses well the philosophy of usurping ‘And in the nick of time, you bestow it’ and as such the fool drives home the point:

‘The hedge sparrow fed the cuckoo so long

That it’s hard if head bit off by it young’

 

Lear, Gloucester and Kent cherish a conservative view in which family bonds, commitment, amazement and reverence for pecking order are paramount: Gloucester, surveying the crumbling of Lear’s world and his own, laments: “We have seen the best of our time, Edmond, Goneril and Regan are the hard-headed, clear-sighted progressive – modernists who have no time for antiquated ideas. They are of today and the future, ordering their lives and very much in charge of their fate. The conflicting attitudes of the children reach their apotheoses dramatically. Goneril and Regan combine to break their father; Edmond contributes to the blinding of Gloucester. Nothing will be allowed to stand in their way. A corresponding apotheosis restores the old values; when Edgar leads his blinded father to some retrieval of hope and happiness, when cordelia reassures the bewildered Lear, they are not being obedient, not responding to any hierarchical imperative. They are simply expressing a love, loyalty and regard too strong to have been undermined by the rash misjudgment of their father.

 

This straightforward fiction of two impulsion aged men, betrayed by self-interested progeny and redeemed by the feelings of affection for of a wronged child, has a widespread significance. As children we have got to all come to terms with our attitudes to our parents, to their and our shifting needs. As parents we must brazen out the fact that our children will outgrow us and supersede. It is evident that there is no easy answer, no superficial ethics. conceivably, however, we learn with Lear and Gloucester , Cordelia and Edgar, that the old must not anticipate to receive all, must continue to give, to realize to learn- and the young must hold out care for and respect for as long as we are concerned with or for craving to receive in question. Things cannot be hurried for which it is universally noted that ripeness is all.

 

Not only in King Lear, had he written many tragedy plays where has he enlightened the problems, love and enmity of human beings. In Hamlet, he had added the beauty of Hamlet with nature and supernatural aspects. In this book, he had used many literary techniques like simile, metaphor and soliloquy with which he led his pen about Hamlet with unbounded courage and hardihood. When Hamlet came to learn the death news of his father, he became amazing and he was also surprised that his mother had married his uncle Claudius. By supernatural aspects of his father’s ghostly sprits, he learnt about the conspiracy of his uncle and mother and as such he promised to revenge against the murder of his father. William Shakespeare very nicely represented the character of Hamlet and finally he became successful when Hamlet had had his revenge at last against his uncle and mother.

 

All the way through suffering, Lear learns a new ethical view of his life and human relationship with one another specifically if the relation is framed with close human ties. According to him, it is a judgment nowhere in signal in early stages of the play, which develop in a mood of ruthless materialism, of that which can be counted and measured. Gloucester and Kent have a discussion of the sharing out of the kingdom; Lear wants his daughters to express the dimensions of their love; the actual number of knights becomes a crucial symbol of self-hood. A man it appears is what he owns, an expression of his belongings having stressed by his daughters into justifying his needs for a retinue, Lear’s speech beginning ‘O reason not the need’ is magnificently moved, but cracks down in confusion. He seems to be asserting that man needs superfluous items in order to mark him off from animals, but the line of thought will not hold. It is, in any case a view that he will draw closer to discard.

It is throughout the storm that Lear loses his footing towards a conception of what a man really is, what his true needs are. From uncontrolled against charlatan, he turns to sympathy for the unrehearsed -‘meager nude wretches’ before becoming one himself by dragging off his clothes in emulation of poor Tom. He, by his cosmopolitan outlook enunciates through the world of surface impressions: he recognizes and expresses that he is one of the lowliest. Lear continues to learn of keen necessity of honesty, sincerity, simplicity and openness. It is a theme which culminates in his in his reunion with Cordelia and particularly in his birds in the cage speech. The important thing is to be with those one loves and trusts, to seek and offer forgiveness as may be necessitated to make merriments to each other company. And regarding the justice of human beings, we find in King Lear that the wealthy and mighty don’t guarantee even handed justice; those with the whip-hand of power and authority often abuse it. Considering Lear’s trial of his daughter’s affection his disgusting punishment of Cordelia and Kent; the flaying of Lear and Gloucester by the newly installed high and mighty; the cruel death of Cordelia. The demented trial of scene iii act vi some how projects deceptiveness of it all, while Lear’s eruption in scene IV against the rascal beadle and robes and furred gowns is a fulminating attack on evil motives virtually. Gloucester contributes to this understanding in that his blinding, by rich and elevated is a catalyst which simply attracts goodness from the ordinary servants and the old man who guides him. This is why like Lear he comes to see the importance of sharing affluence and ruination excess. The best certification of righteousness seems to lie not in setting one man over another, but in mutual sympathy and regard for each others dignity and needs. As we are to conjecture that lusting after riches and belongings is eventually self slaughter and severe death of Cornwall, Goneril, Regan, and Edmond seem to peak to this. On the other hand, Lear and Gloucester- two old men who suffer and loss so much –seem in a sense to be triumphant, for they achieve some grasp of man’s need for outspokenness, justice truth, absolution and love.

 

In his literary creation, he had shown that over ambitious in life is a dangerous thing. In Julius Caesar, Brutus was an over ambitious person and he had a long cherished desire to become a king over night. But after killing the king Caesar, he had been cut into pieces let alone being the king. Similarly, Macbeth was over ambitious but his consequence was very fatal.

He had written a number of historic plays and romantic comedy. In all of his creation, he was second to none in creating history in English literature; rather he was the king without the crown by his unbounded race towards the reforms process of human defects and the maxim of nature.

Smoking

There is a tremendous amount of evidence that various dreadful diseases occur often in smokers than non-smokers and these diseases are: Lung cancer; emphysema causing thinning and weakening of lung tissue; cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, gullet, bladder, and pancreas; coronary thrombosis causing blockage of arteries to the heart; angina pectoris causing pain due to narrowing of arteries to the heart; and chronic bronchitis with phlegm. Furthermore, Smoking appears to delay the healing of stomach ulcers; it reduces the senses of smell and taste; slows down reflexes which causes making smokers more prone to accidents; and gives the breath, clothes, and homes of smokers an unpleasant smell.

Very recent research shows that smokers endanger the health of non-smokers. Pregnant women smokers tend to have smaller babies than non-smokers, and their babies are more likely to be born dead or die a few days after birth. Besides such tremendously adverse affects, the children of smoking parents have more lung infections in the first years of life than the children of non-smokers. During one hour in a smoky room, a non-smoker can inhale as much cancer-causing substances as some one smoking 15 filter-tip cigarettes. Illness related to smoking is very expensive. In U.K. and USA, it results in the loss of about 50 millions working days a year, treatment costs several hundreds thousands dollar a day, and it causes the death of over a thousand people a week. However, those who give up smoking greatly reduce their chances of developing diseases as mentioned above in question.

Today’s world is most dangerous place

There is no denying the fact that today’s world is not peaceful, moderate and refined, rather it is full of perils and threatening. Still today, unlimited social evils are prevailing in the world. Not only in our country, but also in many parts of the world, corruption, terrorism, dowry system, traffic congestion, pollutions and high rate of population exist tremendously. Formerly, the people were peaceful in the sense that they did not know how to use weapons to spoil others. In modern world, the use of atomic energy has been mischievously enhancing for which the safely survival for humans are being painstaking day by day. If we look around the world, we will observe that the numbers of wars are increasing day by day for which the war against terrorism is a burning question of the day. The history says, by a mammoth invasion of the terrorists, the world largest business centre situated in America has been crushed. It is a matter of great regret that the super power countries like USA, Germany, France, Russia and Great Britain failed to retaliate such attacks.

It is important to note that in Hiroshima and Nagashika of Japan during First World War, atom bomb had been thrown on the soil of Japan, the first sun rising country. The effect of such atom bomb was so fatal that even today; such poisonous influences are widespread in the world on a large scale. Modern world is the world of threat, perils and painful and as such, the war of Vietnam was dangerous that unlimited people had been killed. The war of Iraq is most destructive and heinous because each and every day due to terrorism attack, uncounted people are being killed irrespective of high or low. The peace loving forces are trying to control the country relating to law and order situation, but it is becoming difficult to control the country on the part of the alliance forces against the rebel forces. The rebel forces think that hey are fighting against the occupancy of foreign foes and according to them, they will fight till date until or unless Iraq is liberated. From the consequences of such war, we can decide that all wars cannot bring good harvest rather the people of the world do not find any ways to live with peace, society, friendship and love. In the midst of many arguments and debates, it seems that today’s world is full of perils and dangerous place.

Due to the fact that corruption exists tremendously for which we can say that where there is no accountability, there lies corruption and it occurs in case of dealing money in exchange of anything. In my opinion, it is the sum of total resources expressed in terms of current monetary units and the discretion power which is the authority and empowerment to spend and minus accountability. Moreover, Smoking emerge due to delay in healing of stomach ulcers; it trims down the senses of smell and taste; slows down reflexes which causes smokers more prone to accidents; and gives an unpleasant smell from the breath, clothes, and homes of smokers. Very current survey illustrates that smokers endanger the health of non-smokers. Pregnant women smokers tend to have smaller babies than non-smokers, and their babies are more likely to be born dead or die a few days after birth. Besides such tremendously adverse affects, the children of smoking parents have more lung infections in the first years of life than the children of non-smokers. During one hour in a smoky room, a non-smoker can inhale as much cancer-causing substances as some one smoking 15 filter-tip cigarettes. Illness related to smoking is very expensive. In U.K., France, Germany, China and USA, it results in the loss of about 60 millions working days a year, treatment costs several hundreds thousands dollar a day, and it causes the death of over a million people a week. However, those who give up smoking greatly reduce their chances of developing diseases.

There is no denying the fact that the profligate limits of social life in our country envisage the identity as a great threadbare for overall affluence and fiscal accuracy in our country. It is certitude that the sociable evils like teen labor, acid sadism, dowry system, strangling maids, raping, indoor pollutions; corruption and drug addiction are mammoth constraints as mixed with our blood and bone. Drug craving and Alcoholism are the causes of social disorder for which a society remains congested from all sorts of progression. In case of personage prospect, drug obsession is atrocious work, which mingles many other fatalities like cancer, coronary, and phthisis. Drug addict is such phenomena with which a person fails to accomplish his bright lot, being laden with superstitious and mentally being disrobed, he becomes then unable to get rid of such bottleneck. Drug addiction is not only bad habits but also an evil force that spoils the men’s life. There is no suspicion that the young people are found more to be captivated as compared to other evil forces that tremendously affect people to go astray and miscarriage. They are somehow subjective to take drugs like heroine, chorus, phencidel, wine cigarettes, alcohol and many other addicted materials very harmful for health and hygiene. When a person somehow leaves hope of life, in due course he thinks that drug addiction is only the way for which he can survive on earth and as such in the next course, he takes drugs after drugs and become addicted. When in one time, he becomes passionate; he cannot give up those addictions because he remains in the state of hallucinations and emotionally distortions. Hence Alcoholics do not drink simply for pleasure, but because they presume that they cannot face life’s problems ingrained in blood and bone without alcohol. It is a significant fact that more road mishap results from unwieldy ingestion than from any other cause. This is due to the fact that alcohol slows down reflexes, interferes with concentration and distance judgment, and increases recklessness. It is a fact that heavy drinking can cause cancer of the mouth, gullet, stomach, and liver. It upsets the digestion and reduces blood cell formation, causing anemia.

Suffice it to say that alcohol causes shrinkage of the brain, reducing the powers of abstract reasoning, and it destroys liver cells causing this organ to store abnormally large amounts of fat. In severe cases, alcoholics suffer numbness and paralysis of the limbs. Some alcoholics suffer a disorder known as delirium tremens when forced to stop drinking and besides this, vomiting occurs and the whole body begins to shake and in due course, it is followed by hideous and often ghastly visions. A drug can be defined as a chemical material that affects the mind and only the so-called hard drugs are irresistible. These include the opiates: opium, morphine, and heroine. A drug addict comes to depend upon a drug so that life is no longer bearable without it. Addiction occurs because, like alcohol, more and more of the drug is required to produce its desired effects. Furthermore, if the drug supply is out of the blue cut off an addict suffers withdrawal symptoms and these can be drastically lethal. That is to say, they become dependant upon alcohol without realizing it and as such for the first time, pleasing effects are produced by one or two drinks, but soon larger and larger amounts are needed to yield these effects, until self control is unduly irrevocable. Morphine, heroine, and other drugs that are often injected involve the risk of infection from dirt hypodermic needles.

Suffice it to say; in most places of the world, without corruption and malpractices, nothing is possible to be performed. Due to lack of honesty, sincerity and simplicity, the world has become unsuitable for living. Terrorism is another threat against healthy life in society. We need to be dedicated to work sincerely and painstakingly to eliminate such hurdles. Besides this, price hike is a great bottleneck against peaceful survival on earth because; the prices of all sorts of commodities are beyond the buying capacity of the people. In Bangladesh, floods, draught, cyclone, earthquake and epidemic diseases are the common visitors to the people of this beautiful land with ever green beauties of nature. The people living beside the sea shore always face misfortunes of water surge and thus they are being victimized almost every year; even if, in a year, they may be infected with such misfortunes. Besides sides, due to smoking and addictions of drugs, unlimited problems are being created every times for which the whole nation wants to get rid of from such hurdles. There exists a remarkable extent of evidences that a variety of awful diseases emerge often in smokers than non-smokers and these diseases are: Lung cancer; emphysema causing thinning and weakening of lung tissue; cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, gullet, bladder, and pancreas; coronary thrombosis causing snarl-up of arteries to the heart; angina pectoris causing pain due to contraction of arteries to the heart; and chronic bronchitis with phlegm.

In the world even in western countries, the act of honesty is not being judged properly. I have recently gone through a book in the name of ‘Death of a sales man’ written by Arthur Miller where it has been shown that due to lack of dishonesty, William Lowman has fallen into miserable conditions and even his family life has suffered intolerable mental tortures and his family life has been endangered Such story has come from high society of America which was not desirable. David Wagner, his superior authority has made his life miserable by posting him in remote places where there is no scope for earning commission in exchange of hard labour. Willy has committed only one offence which was his simplicity and honesty. He had denied any bribe to Wagner because he was bedded on trustworthy and honesty. His integrity had influenced in such a way which was based on purity and integrity. Even his promotion was held up due to adoption of truth and as such he wanted a job of an office assistant rather than being a salesman. In the final tragedy of the story, Willy had to protest against the tyrannous decision of his boss for which he was shot dead. I don’t know how far the story is truth but the author is American.

In view of the above it is significant that it is worth mentioning that the present world is the most dangerous place as it is full of hatred, jealousy, slothful, vindictiveness and competition of ill money which never support the features of a healthy society. Hence it is obvious that smoking has been unenthusiastic every times and as such, even in general advertisement to sell their product, the work of publication of product’s brand name and packaging system to indicate the quality of the product has been banned. Not only smoking, every kind of evils need to be banished from this world to present the modern age a healthy society bedded on trustworthy, love, friendship and responsibility to serve the humanity in this hereinafter virtually.

Private Sector Development:Creating market and Transforming lives

There is no denying the fact that the role playing by Private Sector and especially by Micro Economic Level like small and medium business, in the transition economies existing in central Asia, Europe and Africa is noteworthy as from the point of view of the most intermediary needs, so as understanding of its place in market economy. These countries become conscious that private sector is the basic mechanism of changes, the tool of effectual allocation and use of resources in the context of system transformations, privatization and economy shake-up.

Creation of Competitive market with parallel ties among manufacturers and industrial specialization is possible due to steady development of private sector including Micro-Small and Medium business. The entrepreneurship sector becomes the basic driving force of economic development showing appreciation its mobility, capacity to engage wide strata of population in the income generation activity. Indeed, the importance of private sector in economic development and improvement of living standards of population is caused by its potential and effective criteria as follows:

· Creating new work places

· Forming middle class

· Increasing budget revenues

Likewise, there are some serious barriers ancillary to some extent for the economies of the world that constrain development of entrepreneurship and expansion of private sector in the region. These are as follows:

· Internal barriers (shortage of financial means immunity to new ideas, absence of experience and knowledge).

· Excessive intervention of the state bodies in the entrepreneurs’ activity.

· Insufficient level of business activity (lack of tax stimulus, constrained access to credit resources, markets and information, and instability of legislative system).

In view of the above, this comprehensive research paper provides wide spread details of private sector perspectives which would envisage how Private sector development is required for creating markets and transforming the people’s standard of living.

Suffice it to say that nowadays, Privatisation, has created much fascination and imitated a wide-ranging curiosity in tumbling the task of the status in national economies, at the same time, it has adopted active steps in enhancing the scope of private ownership as well as private sector development. Such sort of tendency has been developed since twenty years back. The ever-increasing demands of privatisation envisage both the conceptual longing for smaller arena and credence in the advanced economic performance of the private sector as a tentative flow.

1. Privatisation: the Definitions and raison d’être

Lane, a world wide economist has defined Privatisation as follows:

“The growing appeals of privatisation as a set of strategies for restructuring the public sector shoot from a dissatisfaction with the time-honoured organizational structure of the public sector. It is claimed that the customary agency replica originating in the Weberian approach to bureaucracy faces rigorous problems of control and efficiency”

The meanings of privatisation emanate from alternative public ownership with private sector to the preamble of private management techniques into the public sector. Although much awareness has been focused on the magnificent illustration of the first type of private sector phenomena as well as creating market, likewise, in the sale of public enterprises, the most extensive type of privatisation is the rummage around for internal reform within the public sector under the authority of private management style.

In respect of the expansion of private sector, creating markets by introducing variety of products are vitally important. In 1991, Hartley and Parker, has carried out research work on private sector and jointly defined privatisation in a wider perception as follows:

“Privatisation envisages denationalisation or selling-off state-owned assets, de-regulation like liberalization, competitive tendering, collectively with the introduction of private ownership and market arrangements in socialist states. Eastern Europe like USSR may be exemplified in due sense.”

Suffice it to say that privatisation is the choice of different plans premeditated to adjust the existing equilibrium between the public and private sector.

The underlying principle for privatisation, though quite versatile, has been aptly summarised by Minogue, Polidano and Hume in1998 as follows.

“Increasingly it is the private sector which is seen as having the managerial capacity, flexibility and competitive drive essential for the efficient and effective provision of many activities previously assumed to be the prefecture of public sector”.

Thus the disenchantment with the public sector set the educate of privatisation in motion by asserting that “In many countries the public sector has failed to be the engine of national development; in some countries it is even the main barrier to development”.

2. Approaches to Privatisation

In 1988, Cook and Kirkpatrick have identified three main approaches to privatisation:

· Change in the ownership of an enterprise from the public to private sector. Denationalisation or divestiture can be the means to accomplish this.

· Privatisation through liberalisation, or deregulation, of entry into activities previously restricted to public sector enterprises. It is argued that the removal of restrictions is intended to increase the role of competition in the hitherto protected market, a variant of privatisation will have occurred, even though no transfer of ownership of assets has been involved.

· Where the provision of a good and service is transferred from the public to private sector, while the government retains ultimate responsibility for supplying the service. Franchising or contracting-out, of public services and the leasing of public assets to the private sectors are examples.

Privatisation as a policy has been allied with various objectives. Introduction or extension of market forces reflected in the profit motive, competition, greater efficiency and innovation are expected to benefit the consumers. Privatisation policy has also been linked with a longing for wider share ownership and a creation of share-owning democratic system; while in some cases, the policy aims to trim down the size of the public sector through denationalisation.

“Perspective Proposals have also been made that in some countries (for example, UK, Malaysia, China and South Africa); the real purpose of the policy is to reduce the monopoly power of the public sector trade unions”. But some of the above objectives may be in conflict. Reducing the size of the public sector by selling public assets may not be compatible with the goal of efficiency if it involves merely transferring monopoly power from the public to the private sector without ensuring competition and rivalry. Maximising the number of shareholders may be achieved by under pricing of share, which is in conflict with the aim to maximise the treasury income following the rules and perspectives of private sector phenomena.

3. Privatisation and Economic Efficiency

Although privatisation may be pursued for one or all of the above reasons, the central issue revolves around privatisation focuses on enterprise performance and efficiency. But gains in efficiency performance more likely to result from an increase in market competition than from a change in ownership. “If the principal objective of privatisation is to increase economic efficiency, the policy priority should be to increase competition, not to transfer productive activities to the private sector (Cook and Kirkpatrick, 1988).

A case study in Bangladesh on inter-temporal analysis of the fertiliser trade before and after privatisation has demonstrated that deregulation has allowed to run free market forces and increased competition. It has also increased the availability of fertiliser to farmers and enhanced efficiency and productivity (World Bank, 1996b). But changing for the better in economic performance depend not only on ownership, but also on competition and managerial freedom.

Besides the goal of efficiency, LDCs engaged in privatisation for a variety of reasons: to generate instantaneous cash income; encourage specific types of industrial development; encourage foreign investment; improve or develop capital markets; or implement a free market philosophy of economic and development case for privatisation is based on:

§ Public ownership is more extensive than can be justified in a mixed economy perspective

§ The performance of the public enterprises is relative to that of private firms, and

§ The inherent characteristics of public ownership – such as excessive government intervention – often cause inefficiency.

5. The Limits of Privatisation

For the developing countries, Turner and Hume (1997) have identified some constraints which limit the success of privatisation. They are shortage of sophisticated and specialised skills indispensable to manage a privatisation programme; absence of developed stock market; inadequate attention to place the in the context of a broader programme of economic reform and the existing political environment.

“Resistance to public enterprises reform also comes from trade unions. These can be well organised, numerically strong and have good political connections”.

Thus successful reform, inter alia, privatisation, according to World Bank (1995), must qualify three political conditions:

· Reform must be politically desirable to the leadership and its constituencies; political benefits outweigh political costs.

· Reform must be politically feasible: leaders must be able to overcome opposition, either by compensating losers or compelling their compliance.

· Reforms must be politically credible to significant stakeholders (for example employees, investors).

E. FOOD SECURITY: THE CENTRAL ISSUSES in Private Sector Perspectives

Defining and interpreting food security, and measuring it in reliable, valid and cost-effective ways have proven to be stubborn problems facing researchers and programmes intended to monitor food security risks. ‘Malthusian spectre of famine’ has obsessed the policymakers, over past few decades, to adopt a comprehensive food security policy to avert any crisis. Given its tremendous importance in the political – economy of a democratic society as such, attempts have been made to define food security.

1. Food Security : the Definitions

The sharp rise in world food prices in the preceding two years of World Food Conference in 1974 and fear that the world food system is running out of control, the UN emphasises these concerns in its final report to speak clearly enough and defines food security as:

Availability at all times of adequate world supplies of basic food-staffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption .and to offset fluctuations and prices.

Major components of the most common definitions of food security are summed up by Maxwell and Franken Berger (1992) as “Secure access at all times to sufficient food for a healthy life’ Summarising the conceptual literature on food security Maxell and Franken Berger finally conclude:

“First, “enough” food is mostly defined. With emphasis on calories, and on requirements ….. For an active, healthy life rather than simple survival – although this assessment may in the end be subjective. Second, access to food is determined by food entitlements, which are derived from human and physical capital, assets and stores, access to common property resources and a variety of social contracts at household, community and state levels. Third, the risk of entitlement failure determines the level of vulnerability and hence the level of food insecurity, with risk being greater, the higher the share of resources….. devoted to food acquisition. And finally, food insecurity can exist on a permanent basis (chronic) or on a temporary basis (transitory) or in cycles”.

A full definition of food security thus includes the related concepts of access, sufficiency, security (or vulnerability), and sustainability.

Maxwell (1996) has identified three important and overlapping paradigm shifts in the history of thinking about food security since the world Food Conference in 1974. These shifts are:

1. from the global and the national to the household and the individual,

2. from a food first perspective to livelihood perspective, and

3. From objective indicators to subjective perception (ibid.).

He also identifies the evolution of food policy in historical perspective and observes that ‘The term has been applied more recently mostly at a local level and has been broadened beyond notions of food supply to include elements of access, vulnerability and sustainability”

Food security, thus, in true sense, encompasses a broad landscape implying

‘Access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life’ (World Bank, 1986, p. 1).But availability does not necessarily mean access to food. Working on the historical data, Pinstripe-Anderson and Pandya-Lorch (1999) has demonstrated that “Gains in availability of food have not been matched by corresponding gains in access to it” Between access and availability, various driving forces influence their relative position. While on the other hand, income levels and economic growth, human resource development, and population growth and movements constitute the factors influencing access. Thus a comprehensive food security policy must include availability, access and utilisation aspects. Unfortunately in an underdeveloped economy, food security discussions and planning it is often forgotten and have a narrower focus, over-emphasising the estimated ‘food gap’, the difference between a target level of availability and domestic production. But the ‘food gap’ analysis concentrates only on the availability of food grains, thus neglecting other foods. Moreover, focus on the ‘food gap’ has often diverted attention from other major aspects of food security: access and utilisation.

Policy Options for Food Security

Thus access and availability having been established as the most important pillar of food security, its due importance can be rationalised in terms of production stability. But one of the major features of agricultural production is production instability. Some of the main causes of this are climatic variations, and dynamic lagged reactions to farmers to previous instability or other shocks such as changes to government policy. In market economies the aggregate effects of production instability and the resulting variations in supply lead to price and income changes in the commodity markets directly affected and in related markets for other goods, services and resources. It is these changes in prices and/or incomes stemming from production instability that create problems for most groups in society. Equally, price instability dampens potential investments by the private sector in off-farm marketing and processing facilities. “Consumers, in general, will also be directly affected by agricultural production instability through its effect on the availability and price of food. These impacts are likely to be most severe in low income economies, and in low income households, where food represents a large proportion of total expenditure. In these circumstances, variations in food prices and/or availability induce changes in real income or real purchasing power and food security, in the sense that access to food, or its availability, is compromised”. Falcon et al (1987) while commenting on the food security have, however, identified both supply and demand side policy options at the national level. According to them supply side policy options include national buffer stocks, imports, and even the use of future markets, as well as increased domestic production. Consumption-side policy options include a host of direct measures designed to reach low-income consumers and, more recently, growing attention to the importance of food price policy. This implies that supply-side policies are concerned with macroeconomic efficiency – determining the set of aggregate food security policies that is the most efficient and therefore the least costly to the economy. On the other hand, consumption-side policies are implicitly concerned with maximising benefits – obtaining consumer equity for the most disadvantaged.

“Food price policy is the link between the supply and consumption objectives”. This further implies that to achieve food security, a policy prescription containing both supply and demand side options is necessary, and following Falcon et al (1987) food price policy, inter alia, stable food price plays a very dominant role in achieving food security. But Greenfield et al. (1996) contend that the task of price stabilisation, after the implementation of Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture will be lesser significance, for an important anticipated benefit accruing from the Uruguay Round was reduced price instability.

4. Food Security and Price Stabilisation

Though initially it was explained that ‘food availability decline’ caused famine, Sen (1981) has established that absence of ‘entitlement’ caused it. While discussing the cause of starvation he observed, “This is seen as the result of his inability to establish entitlement to enough food; the question of the physical availability of the food is not directly involved”. Introducing ‘exchange entitlement’, he argues that relative prices are very important in the explanation of famine, particularly a sharp rise in food prices and with a given money wage, his entitlement to food is reduced to a great margin. This further suggests, particularly in respect of food security, there is some intrinsic value in price situation.

But Smith (1997) attempts to relate price with food security by increasing the supply. In doing so he introduces the concepts of ‘spatial’ and ‘inter-temporal’ arbitrage. According to him,

“Of course, stabilizing prices in the face of a food shortage will not ensure food security. However, within a particular area, price instability can be reduced and food security enhanced either by spatial arbitrage, which is, by moving supplies from surplus to deficit areas, or by inter-temporal arbitrage, that is, storing supplies in periods of abundance to release in times of shortage”. Arbitrage, however, is a costly exercise and these costs can be clearly identified, though frequently ignored by the governments. Many of the benefits of stabilisation relate to producer, consumer and investor confidence that may have dynamic, non-quantifiable but valuable, effects on the growth of the economy.

Islam and Thomas (1996), on the other hand, have identified that the objectives of price stabilisation is something bigger than reducing the variability of real prices.

“These include ensuring a floor or an incentive price to producers and a ceiling price to consumers in order to protect them, especially the consumers, from a high or sudden rise in food prices; attainment of increased self-sufficiency in food grains and the highest possible foreign exchange earnings through maintenance of high and stable prices. Price stabilization per se, in the sense of reducing the variability of real prices by a certain percentage, was not the sole objective”.

Even World Bank (1996a), while commenting on the food security scenario in Bangladesh, contends that a decline in the domestic price of rice thus making it more inexpensive

“Such flexible criterion is the most effective way of improving the welfare of poor households since, on balance, the majorities of such households are net consumers of rice rather than producers, and rice dominates their food consumption”. Economist Benham says,” This criterion of food security influences the living standard of human beings virtually and tentatively”

Reasons for creating private sector market in terms of public sector perspectives:

Timmer (1985), while justifying the role of government, have advocated for a dual market i.e. a second market through public distribution system and the other market through private sector distribution phenomena. Their point of argument is that if some the poor are excluded from the system (i.e., they are denied food grains from the public distribution system), they are doubly disadvantaged, for not only are they denied cheap grain from the ration shops, but the free market price is now substantially higher than it would have been in the absence of the dual price system. But the rationale of government intervention, particularly the role of price policy pursued by the government, is a matter of great importance and ongoing debate. In this respect, Timmer (1989) has identified a three-way debate in this area. The first promoter of this debate is the free market school. According to this school, agricultural prices should reflect their opportunity costs at their border, independent of international market processes as well as price levels. This pricing strategy would ensure optimal efficiency of resource allocation and minimal rent-seeking activity. The border price paradigm is the intellectual foundation of this approach. The second supporter, the structuralism approach, argues that the border price paradigm is misdirected, at least, for the domestic price determination of basic foodstuffs, for they have important roles in the macro economy and welfare of consumers. Supply and demand elasticity of these commodities is very small, so the triangles of allocating losses, due to domestic prices not equalling the marginal prices, are trivial. They argue that the marginal prices are heavily influenced by gross distortions in agricultural policies in the developed world and a poor indicator on resources should be allocated in the long run.

“Accordingly, prices should be set to favour income distribution objectives in conjunction with macroeconomic stability”. The third approach, the emerging ’stabilization’ school competes that “By following short-run price movements in international markets an economy incurs significant efficiency losses, but the economy incurs equally significant efficiency losses by not following longer-run trends in international opportunity costs (whatever the market processes that determine them). Optimal efficiency thus calls for some degree of market intervention to stabilize short-run prices, but there must be sufficient flexibility to allow domestic prices to reflect international price trends. Rent-seeking behaviour is constrained, if not eliminated, by using competitive market agents to carry out most marketing activities following the private sector phenomena, but within government-established price bands”.

6. Food Security: The Role of Private Sector

In the developing countries, one of the factors determining the legitimacy and survival of a government is its ability to provide food security to its citizen. Governments are affected, in a variety of ways, by production instability and the resulting food insecurity. Governments have to respond to electoral concerns and pressure group activities from a varied group of stake-holders like farmers, consumers, industrialists and above all, rent-seekers. Therefore in virtually every country the government assumes a major responsibility for coping with the problems of production instability and the provision of food security. But Smith (1997) contends that though several reasons exist for government intervention to relieve the effects of production instability, many forms chosen in the past have proved to be ineffective or costly ways of achieving this aim. He concludes that

“The private sector, allowed to trade, freely at world prices with a little tweaking of border levies, can provide all the food security and stability that is required”

5. Role of Private Sector in Bangladesh

Dorosh (1999a) has proved the above contention and demonstrated that private sector rice imports have helped to stabilise the market supplies, benefiting the consumers of rice and saving the Government of Bangladesh the purchase and distribution costs of importing the rice. Needless to say, this helps the government to avert a mini food crisis, and introduced a new dimension in the concept of food security in Bangladesh. Subsequently Dorosh (1999b) has identified that that trade liberalisation played a very important role behind the success of private sector involvement and concludes that “Trade liberalization can enhance national food security. By providing an automatic mechanism to increase domestic supply and stabilize prices, the trade liberalization in Bangladesh helped to ensure availability of food grain and stabilize prices. Though increased food security may not be a primary objective of trade liberalization, the Bangladesh experience shows that the two can in fact be compatible.

8. Food Security: the Overall Strategies

The two extreme solutions to a food strategy can be as follows:

· Food self – sufficiency

· Application of pure theory of comparative advantage

But Janvry (1987) considers both of them as unacceptable. Because in the first one the cost is too high, while in the second, the risks are too great and it has negative effects on some groups that have very low income. Janvry finally concludes, “Most countries have therefore tried to formulate food security strategies that judiciously balance these extremes. The main problem is, however, not to formulate an optimum national strategy but to formulate a strategy that ensures food security for all population groups”

Maxwell (1996b), basing on the works of World Bank (1988), Dreze and Sen (1989) and Maxwell (1992), compiles a list of consensus strategy for food security in Africa. Though Africa is notoriously prone to internecine civil war and resultant chronic famines widely, the strategies, with exception of relevant two or three, are universally pertinent.

· A primary focus on supplying vulnerable people and households with secure access to food; individual and household needs take precedence over issues of national food self-sufficiency or self-reliance.

· The importance of poverty-reducing economic growth; poor rural and urban people need secure and sustainable livelihoods, with adequate incomes and reasonable buffers against destitution.

· A balance between food and cash crops is likely to be the best route to food security, following the principle of long-term comparative advantage rather than of self-sufficiency for its own sake.

· Finally, food security planning should follow a ‘process’ rather than a ‘blue-print’ approach, with large-scale decentralisation, a bias to action over planning, the encouragement of risk-taking and innovation, and the fostering of task cultures not role cultures in multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral planning teams.

9. Food safekeeping and Policy Change

In identifying the ‘dynamics and politics of policy change’ in the food sector of Bangladesh, Chowdhury and Haggblade (1997) point out that policy reforms in the food sector is a long drawn out process and more political in nature. They further identify that ‘two fundamental changes paved the way for Bangladesh’s major downsizing of its government food programs’: first, is a productivity-led surge in food grain production and secondly, and equally important, is the defusing of major potential opposition groups. The first suggests integrating the food security with a viable agriculture development policy. The second, naturally, has a political overtone and needs a very careful and crafty manoeuvre vis a vis the ‘extraordinary alliance – of millers, rent seekers with DG food, and idealists who genuinely distrust private markets.
In view of the above, it is evident that by way of integrating the food security with a viable agriculture development policy, following Streeten (1987) is exposed to the ‘fundamental dilemma’ of food policy. Food prices high enough to encourage agricultural production as it is universally accepted that farmers are ‘price responsive’ is obviously, in contrast with the purpose of food price low enough to protect poor food buyers. Pinstrup-Anderson points out the obvious reality that policies that attempt to strengthen incentives to expand food production through higher food prices may result in reduced incomes and severe hardships for the poor. As stated above, Private Sector Development: Creating market and transforming life are the basic criteria for which a comprehensive change is possible to promote the standards of life of the people virtually.

Life story of William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare was not only the name of a play writer but also, he was a versatile genius in the sky of English literature who led his pen through out the intensive problems of human beings irrespective of castes and creed and even with his gallant touch, the common phenomena of human societies have been reflected in a systematic manner. As he has entered in English literature as a Play Writer but he has thought about the poetic diction in the world which speaks about the nature, love and the superiority of natural aspects virtually. In his flow of writing, he has included all sorts of literary contents very tactfully and used his dialect in the creation of world literature for which he had had the recognition of the world as the greatest author and dramatist.

William Shakespeare was born at par Avon in Stratford where he was brought up and so far it is learnt that his father was a carpenter in a Weaving factory He received his primary education from Stratford and afterwards, he joined to a drama club from where he had started his career as a play writer. Afterwards, he had written a number of world class books on English literature out of which King Lear, Hamlet, Macbeth, Troilus and Cressida, as you like it, Julius Caesar, Anthony and Cleopatra, Measures for Measure are the greatest. In every of his literary creations, he added the dimension of poetic diction and thus he ornamented his literary stringency with full aspects human problems and their solutions. His poem in English literature is unforgettable because he has brought the contrasts of feelings in between man and nature. As has been reflected in the sonnet XXIX by William Shakespeare, a true love of his beloved with nature has been vividly contemplated in a significant manner. The poet thinks that his love for his beloved will be never ending. Even, some changes may occur in natures which always show the sequence of transient trend of life. The influences on change-ability of the nature over the earth are melancholy and transitory. Human beings are developed in the earth and flourished through some changes day by day after a short span of time, causing decay and destruction, he dies and his everything on earth is faded away as a symbol transient growth of nature. The poet thinks that he has unlimited love towards his beloved and this love is never changed as the nature changes and develops and withers. The beauties on earth are temporary and as such melancholic strain prevails in its every influence over the plants, environment and the situation that occurs after change. The earth is changing with the changes of nature and his love cannot be changed which is permanently bedded on integrity, peace and faith in his heart. The poet presents a true love, which is uncommon, but illuminating conflagration will occur spontaneously.

According to William Shakespeare, the nature is encountered with unbounded sequence of earthly objects and beauteous outpourings occur in the mental attitude of the poet. To speak the truth, the poet has an immense love for his beloved and in exchange of anything it is pure and unparalleled. The poet envisages that due to changes on the nature, his love will never be changed rather it will be hidden forever. In this poem, the theme is ideally judged in terms of allegorical meaning of real love and purity of life. It is obvious that the poet’s love is heavenly dedicated which lies forever. It is neither perishable nor changeable. According to him, his perpetual and happy love always remains in his inward eye, which reveals the utmost sphere of livelihood. His life is without love for his beloved does not show any significance of real life in the sense.

There is no denying the fact that once there was discernment that brought into being popular during the 16^th century in England. It was in fastidious proliferated by the Tudor rulers in order to ensure the prolongation by their rules as the system of kingship was supposed to be fixed by the deity himself where men’s willingness was fake and fabricated. This doctrine affirmed that the king was god specified, self-governing and a direct representative of supernatural being on earth. Therefore under no state of affairs was the king to be aloof, put back as this throne appropriated on this would be alongside the strength of character of God. Once a king was named he was to remain one until he died or usual death and even to step down from the kingship was not permissible.

In his famous book, ‘Troilus and Cressida’ William Shakespeare verbalizes, “Take but degree away, untune that string, And hark, what discord follows” where he sought after to articulate explicitly that for the Elizabethans, the dominion was not minimally a well-designed role where it was a fundamental part of a pecking order predestined by God himself which accommodates the celestial, saintly, human being, mammal and materialistic world. Everything had its selected place in this progression. To dislocate was to provoke pandemonium. The king was God’s right to be heard on earth and whichever attempt to squeeze the throne from him would lead to mayhem and suffice it to pronounce that it was not some far-flung theory which subsequently several Shakespeare’s plays are apprehensive with the remove from power of kings – and that cataclysm perpetually tag along – is a manifestation of the implication of the impression, and of Elizabethan fretfulness about the chain to the queen.

The Elizabethans would have initiated it easier said than done to comprehend Lear’s renunciation. Even of inferior quality was to carve up the kingdom and thus generate scope for potential rivalry: such an accomplishment could not be tolerated by a people for whom the internecine bloodlettings of the wars of the Roses hang about a folk reminiscence. Shakespeare’s social group would understand Lear’s tribulations: a worn-out aged king with no son to succeed to his favorite daughter uncommitted. But they would have distinguished no answer but for the king to endure: God had placed him on the throne and, in the comprehensiveness of time, God would remove him. If they implicit Lear’s dilemma, they would recognize even better the chaos mechanism from his wrong-headed resolution.

There is supplementary delicate standpoint in which we have to view this premise of kingship. The play seems to point toward that the altitude of the throne can distort the person who occupies it. Lear has been congregated for so long with adulation that he can no longer make a distinction connecting sincerity and deception. He has for so long been obeyed in every scrupulous that he cannot stand for the slightest delay in the observance of his wishes. That which in the young king might have been forthright and assertive has now degenerated into the vain, harsh and imperious. It is an inquiring feeling whether it occurs in the case of all leaders, rulers and kings. Perhaps but what we know for certain is that Lear has to undergo an agonized flaking away of accumulated layers of insensitivity and obtuseness before finding himself. Would he have needed to do so if he had been a humble servant rather than a sovereign? It seems by a hair’s breadth likely. Is a king sufferer as able-bodied as a ruler?

Even supposing, misfortunes in King Lear shoots up to a paramount celestial height, the chronicles finds its pedigree in an awful status like run of the mill which envisage the apprehension between parents and grown up children which reflect readers to be more intensive to have eagerness to know the situation ahead. At its simplest, the play concerns itself with the expectations of aged parents and the differing responses of their adult children. Shakespeare’s Macbeth had no doubt about ‘that which should accompany old age’ which he clarifies as ‘tribute, devotion, submission’. King Lear would certainly say amen to that although he would add gratitude. His antagonism with Cordelia stems not only just from mortification and hurt pride, but also from rage at her apparent ungratefulness. As he is progressively broken by Goneril and Regan, his torment resounds on this theme and even until he begins to learn through suffering , Lear’s thoughts are for himself of what his children’s obligations are to him, of what he has done for them and how it should be rewarded. The key problem is that both parents and children are confronting a time of changeover, of exchange of power and authority. The parents are in taking a rain check, the young at the peak of their power and energy. We see two responses from the children. One, from Cordelia and Edgar, is to love and succour their parents, accept their faults, bear no grudge, bide their time. The other, from Goneril, Regan and Edmond, is ruthless, self-centered, annoyed and heavy-handed. The old are past it, no more than an encumbrance and an obstruction. They must be hard-pressed aside and inheritance detained. The best expression of this comes from Edmond, in the words he attributes to Edgar:’ I have heard him of mountain it to be fit that, sons at perfect age, and fathers declined, the father should be as ward to the son and the son manages his revenue’ . Lear, of course, receives similarly short sheriff and In scene iv Goneril speaks repeatedly of his dotage the point is driven home later by Regan. As his daughters strip him of his retinue, Lear brokenly points out’ I gave you all’. The retort expresses well the philosophy of usurping ‘And in the nick of time, you bestow it’ and as such the fool drives home the point:

‘The hedge sparrow fed the cuckoo so long

That it’s hard if head bit off by it young’

Lear, Gloucester and Kent cherish a conservative view in which family bonds, commitment, amazement and reverence for pecking order are paramount: Gloucester, surveying the crumbling of Lear’s world and his own, laments: “We have seen the best of our time, Edmond, Goneril and Regan are the hard-headed, clear-sighted progressive – modernists who have no time for antiquated ideas. They are of today and the future, ordering their lives and very much in charge of their fate. The conflicting attitudes of the children reach their apotheoses dramatically. Goneril and Regan combine to break their father; Edmond contributes to the blinding of Gloucester. Nothing will be allowed to stand in their way. A corresponding apotheosis restores the old values; when Edgar leads his blinded father to some retrieval of hope and happiness, when cordelia reassures the bewildered Lear, they are not being obedient, not responding to any hierarchical imperative. They are simply expressing a love, loyalty and regard too strong to have been undermined by the rash misjudgment of their father.

This straightforward fiction of two impulsion aged men, betrayed by self-interested progeny and redeemed by the feelings of affection for of a wronged child, has a widespread significance. As children we have got to all come to terms with our attitudes to our parents, to their and our shifting needs. As parents we must brazen out the fact that our children will outgrow us and supersede. It is evident that there is no easy answer, no superficial ethics. conceivably, however, we learn with Lear and Gloucester , Cordelia and Edgar, that the old must not anticipate to receive all, must continue to give, to realize to learn- and the young must hold out care for and respect for as long as we are concerned with or for craving to receive in question. Things cannot be hurried for which it is universally noted that ripeness is all.

Not only in King Lear, had he written many tragedy plays where has he enlightened the problems, love and enmity of human beings. In Hamlet, he had added the beauty of Hamlet with nature and supernatural aspects. In this book, he had used many literary techniques like simile, metaphor and soliloquy with which he led his pen about Hamlet with unbounded courage and hardihood. When Hamlet came to learn the death news of his father, he became amazing and he was also surprised that his mother had married his uncle Claudius. By supernatural aspects of his father’s ghostly sprits, he learnt about the conspiracy of his uncle and mother and as such he promised to revenge against the murder of his father. William Shakespeare very nicely represented the character of Hamlet and finally he became successful when Hamlet had had his revenge at last against his uncle and mother.

All the way through suffering, Lear learns a new ethical view of his life and human relationship with one another specifically if the relation is framed with close human ties. According to him, it is a judgment nowhere in signal in early stages of the play, which develop in a mood of ruthless materialism, of that which can be counted and measured. Gloucester and Kent have a discussion of the sharing out of the kingdom; Lear wants his daughters to express the dimensions of their love; the actual number of knights becomes a crucial symbol of self-hood. A man it appears is what he owns, an expression of his belongings having stressed by his daughters into justifying his needs for a retinue, Lear’s speech beginning ‘O reason not the need’ is magnificently moved, but cracks down in confusion. He seems to be asserting that man needs superfluous items in order to mark him off from animals, but the line of thought will not hold. It is, in any case a view that he will draw closer to discard.

It is throughout the storm that Lear loses his footing towards a conception of what a man really is, what his true needs are. From uncontrolled against charlatan, he turns to sympathy for the unrehearsed -‘meager nude wretches’ before becoming one himself by dragging off his clothes in emulation of poor Tom. He, by his cosmopolitan outlook enunciates through the world of surface impressions: he recognizes and expresses that he is one of the lowliest. Lear continues to learn of keen necessity of honesty, sincerity, simplicity and openness. It is a theme which culminates in his in his reunion with Cordelia and particularly in his birds in the cage speech. The important thing is to be with those one loves and trusts, to seek and offer forgiveness as may be necessitated to make merriments to each other company. And regarding the justice of human beings, we find in King Lear that the wealthy and mighty don’t guarantee even handed justice; those with the whip-hand of power and authority often abuse it. Considering Lear’s trial of his daughter’s affection his disgusting punishment of Cordelia and Kent; the flaying of Lear and Gloucester by the newly installed high and mighty; the cruel death of Cordelia. The demented trial of scene iii act vi some how projects deceptiveness of it all, while Lear’s eruption in scene IV against the rascal beadle and robes and furred gowns is a fulminating attack on evil motives virtually. Gloucester contributes to this understanding in that his blinding, by rich and elevated is a catalyst which simply attracts goodness from the ordinary servants and the old man who guides him. This is why like Lear he comes to see the importance of sharing affluence and ruination excess. The best certification of righteousness seems to lie not in setting one man over another, but in mutual sympathy and regard for each others dignity and needs. As we are to conjecture that lusting after riches and belongings is eventually self slaughter and severe death of Cornwall, Goneril, Regan, and Edmond seem to peak to this. On the other hand, Lear and Gloucester- two old men who suffer and loss so much –seem in a sense to be triumphant, for they achieve some grasp of man’s need for outspokenness, justice truth, absolution and love.

In his literary creation, he had shown that over ambitious in life is a dangerous thing. In Julius Caesar, Brutus was an over ambitious person and he had a long cherished desire to become a king over night. But after killing the king Caesar, he had been cut into pieces let alone being the king. Similarly, Macbeth was over ambitious but his consequence was very fatal. He had written a number of historic plays and romantic comedy. In all of his creation, he was second to none in creating history in English literature by his unbounded race towards the reforms process of human defects and the maxim of nature.